Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd U.S. President

President Franklin D. Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945) led the United States during the Great Depression and World War II. Paralyzed from the waist down after suffering a bout of polio, Roosevelt overcame his disability and was elected president of the United States an unprecedented four times. Fast Facts: Franklin Delano Roosevelt Known For: Served four terms as president of the United States during the Great Depression and World War IIAlso Known As: FDRBorn: January 30, 1882 in Hyde Park, New YorkParents: James Roosevelt and Sara Ann DelanoDied: April 12, 1945 in Warm Springs, GeorgiaEducation: Harvard University and Columbia University Law SchoolSpouse: Eleanor RooseveltChildren: Anna, James, Elliott, Franklin,  JohnNotable Quote: â€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.† Early Years Franklin D. Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882, at his familys estate, Springwood, in Hyde Park, New York, as the only child of his wealthy parents, James Roosevelt and Sara Ann Delano. James Roosevelt, who had been married once before and had a son (James Roosevelt Jr.) from his first marriage, was an elderly father (he was 53 when Franklin was born). Franklins mother Sara was only 27 when he was born and doted on her only child. Until she died in 1941 (just four years before Franklins death), Sara played a very influential role in her sons life, a role that some describe as controlling and possessive. Franklin D. Roosevelt spent his early years at his family home in Hyde Park. Since he was tutored at home and traveled extensively with his family, Roosevelt did not spend much time with others his age. In 1896 at age 14, Roosevelt was sent for his first formal schooling at the Groton School, a prestigious preparatory boarding school in Groton, Massachusetts. While there, Roosevelt was an average student. College and Marriage Roosevelt entered Harvard University in 1900. Only a few months into his first year, his father died. During his college years, Roosevelt became very active with the school newspaper, The Harvard Crimson, and became its managing editor in 1903. That same year, Roosevelt got engaged to his fifth cousin once removed, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (Roosevelt was her maiden name as well as her married one). Franklin and Eleanor were married two years later, on St. Patricks Day, March 17, 1905. Over the next 11 years, they had six children, although only five lived past infancy. Early Political Career In 1905, Franklin D. Roosevelt entered Columbia Law School but left once he passed the New York State Bar exam in 1907. He worked for a few years in the New York law firm of Carter, Ledyard, and Milburn. He was asked in 1910 to run as a Democrat for the State Senate seat from Duchess County, New York. Although Roosevelt had grown up in Duchess County, the seat had long been held by Republicans. Despite the odds against him, Roosevelt won the Senate seat in 1910 and then again in 1912. Roosevelts career as a state senator was cut short in 1913 when he was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson as the assistant secretary of the Navy. This position became even more important when the United States began making preparations to join in World War I. Franklin D. Roosevelt Runs for Vice President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to rise in politics like his fifth cousin (and Eleanors uncle), President Theodore Roosevelt. Even though Franklin D. Roosevelts political career looked very promising, however, he did not win every election. In 1920, Roosevelt was chosen as the vice presidential candidate on the Democratic ticket with James M. Cox. FDR and Cox lost the election. Having lost, Roosevelt decided to take a short break from politics and re-enter the business world. Just a few months later, Roosevelt got sick. Polio Strikes In the summer of 1921, Franklin D. Roosevelt and his family took a vacation to their summer home on Campobello Island, off the coast of Maine and New Brunswick, Canada. On August 10, 1921, after a day spent outdoors, Roosevelt began to feel weak. He went to bed early but woke up the next day much worse, with a high fever and with weakness in his legs. By August 12, 1921, he could no longer stand. Eleanor called a number of doctors to come and see FDR, but it wasnt until August 25 that Dr. Robert Lovett diagnosed him with poliomyelitis (i.e. polio). Before the vaccine was created in 1955, polio was an unfortunately common virus that, in its most severe form, could cause paralysis. At age 39, Roosevelt had lost the use of both of his legs. (In 2003, researchers decided it was likely that Roosevelt had Guillain-Barre syndrome rather than polio.) Roosevelt refused to be limited by his disability. To overcome his lack of mobility, Roosevelt had steel leg braces created that could be locked into an upright position to keep his legs straight. With the leg braces on under his clothes, Roosevelt could stand and slowly walk with the aid of crutches and a friends arm. Without the use of his legs, Roosevelt needed extra strength in his upper torso and arms. By swimming nearly every day, Roosevelt could move in and out of his wheelchair as well as up stairs. Roosevelt even had his car adapted to his disability by installing hand controls rather than foot pedals so that he could sit behind the wheel and drive. Despite the paralysis, Roosevelt kept his humor and charisma. Unfortunately, he also still had pain. Always looking for ways to soothe his discomfort, Roosevelt found a health spa in 1924 that seemed to be one of the very few things that could ease his pain. Roosevelt found such comfort there that in 1926 he bought it. At this spa in Warm Springs, Georgia, Roosevelt subsequently built a house (known as the Little White House) and established a polio treatment center to help other polio patients. Governor of New York In 1928, Franklin D. Roosevelt was asked to run for governor of New York. While he wanted back into politics, FDR had to determine whether or not his body was strong enough to withstand a gubernatorial campaign. In the end, he decided he could do it. Roosevelt won the election in 1928 for governor of New York and then won again in 1930. Franklin D. Roosevelt was now following a similar political path as his distant cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt, from the assistant secretary of the navy to governor of New York to the president of the United States. Underwood Archives / Getty Images Four-Term President During Roosevelts tenure as governor of New York, the Great Depression hit the United States. As average citizens lost their savings and their jobs, people became increasingly infuriated at the limited steps President Herbert Hoover was taking to solve this huge economic crisis. In the election of 1932, citizens were demanding change and FDR promised it to them. In a landslide election, Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidency. Before FDR became president, there was no limit to the number of terms a person could serve in the office. Up to this point, most presidents had limited themselves to serving a maximum of two terms, as set by the example of George Washington. However, in the time of need caused by the Great Depression and World War II, the people of the United States elected Franklin D. Roosevelt as president of the United States four consecutive times. Partly because of FDRs long stint as president, Congress created the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution which limited future presidents to a maximum of two terms (ratified in 1951). Roosevelt spent his first two terms as president taking steps to ease the U.S. out of the Great Depression. The first three months of his presidency were a whirlwind of activity, which has become known as the first hundred days. The New Deal that FDR offered to the American people began immediately after he took office. Within his first week, Roosevelt had declared a banking holiday in order to strengthen the banks and reestablish confidence in the banking system. FDR also quickly created the alphabet agencies (such as the AAA, CCC, FERA, TVA, and TWA) to help offer relief. On March 12, 1933, Roosevelt addressed the American people via the radio in what became the first of his presidential fireside chats. Roosevelt used these radio speeches to communicate with the public in order to instill confidence in the government and to calm citizens fears and worries. FDRs policies helped lessen the severity of the Great Depression but it did not solve it. It wasnt until World War II that the U.S. was finally out of the depression. Once World War II began in Europe, Roosevelt ordered an increased production of war machinery and supplies. When Pearl Harbor on Hawaii was attacked on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt answered the attack with his a date which will live in infamy speech and a formal declaration of war. FDR led the United States during World War II and was one of the Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) that led the Allies. In 1944, Roosevelt won his fourth presidential election; however, he did not live to finish it. Death On April 12, 1945, Roosevelt was sitting in a chair at his home in Warm Springs, Georgia, having his portrait painted by Elizabeth Shoumatoff, when he stated I have a terrific headache and then lost consciousness. He had suffered a massive cerebral hemorrhage at 1:15 p.m. Franklin D. Roosevelt was pronounced dead at 3:35 p.m. at age 63. Roosevelt, having led the United States during both the Great Depression and World War II, died less than one month before the end of the war in Europe. He was buried at his family home in Hyde Park. Legacy Roosevelt is often listed among the greatest presidents of the United States. A leader who guided the United States out of isolationism and into victory during World War II, he also created a New Deal that paved the path for an array of services to support Americas workers and poor. Roosevelt was also a major figure in the work that led to the creation of the League of Nations and, in later years, the United Nations. Sources â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt.† The White House, The United States Government.ï » ¿Freidel, Frank. â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 26 Jan. 2019.

White Privilege Black Privilege - 1296 Words

White Privilege in America Whit privilege is still a problem in America. Through history, white privilege has been a major civil conflict in American societies. It is still prevalent today. What most people want to know is if there is a way to prevent the continuation of white privilege. By knowing the history, and the various types of white privilege, there might be a way to overcome and eventually prevent it. To fully understand what white privilege is, one must first understand the origin of white privilege. White privilege actually began in the time of Britain’s struggle to conquer Ireland and control its people. Because of the dominance of Britain and the stubbornness of Ireland, a rise in cultural perception that Irish were inferior people gave rise. This did not just mean their society, but also their humanity. British people at that time perceived Irish as a different type of species, and had biological traits which was passed down that made them unequal. This allowed the British to feel no empa thy and remorse for the Irish. When the British came to America, they also brought their social and cultural views of race with them. Capitalists, for example, controlled the conditions and resources of their companies, because of superiority and greediness- the less the capitalists payed for the labor and the materials, the more the capitalists got to keep. In time America became a large Agricultural country. The capitalists needed a large scale of cheap labor. They thenShow MoreRelatedWhite Privilege And Black Privilege1389 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"White privilege refers to the fact that in many societies, â€Å"white† people have access to greater power, authority, and privileges, than non-white people† (Robbins et al. 2013:81). It goes beyond letting white people get away with more than other races; it also discriminates against them. This is well illustrated by the history of white privilege in America and how it changed over time (Nkomo Ariss 2013) and how w hite privilege is used to benefit white people (Blum n.d). Without white privilegeRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege Essay1837 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper examines how white privilege continues to be constructed today within schools and how teachers have a large role in it. In today’s society, many can go through their lives without understanding what it is or how it effects other people. White privilege is how a person’s lighter skin color benefits them directly from birth and that person doesn’t have to do anything in order to gain these privileges. These privileges are good and usually don’t have any negative consequences for the personRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege1578 Words   |  7 PagesWhite privilege is the ability for whites to maintain an elevated status in society that masks racial inequality. It is also considered a system of advantage based on race, as well as societal privileges that benefit white people. It is usually known as the â€Å"other†, or the opposite side of discrimination. Some people in society, typically people of color, feel as though people with white skin have benefits over people of color, just because they’re white. White privilege is sometimes seen as a higherRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege1593 Words   |  7 PagesWhite Privilege Dick Hebdige in â€Å"From Culture to Hegemony; Subculture: The Unnatural Break† states â€Å"All human societies reproduce themselves in this way through a process of ‘naturalization’. It is through this process- a kind of inevitable reflex of all social life- that particular sets of social relations, particular ways of organizing the world appear to us as if they were universal and timeless,† (142). Hebdige speaks to the fact that the way society is structured and the way people interactRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege1732 Words   |  7 PagesWhite privilege is an advantage in society that is unmerited. Though it is practiced in every day life (whether it’s subtle or not), the majority views it as â€Å"absurd† and â€Å"non-existent†. It is a taboo that creates feelings of guilt, hostility and anger, but it must be addressed and understood in order to be eradicated. It is necessary for white people to acknowledge their part in maintaining and benefiting from a society that has thrived on racial hierarchy and white supremacy for centuries. WhiteRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege1340 Words   |  6 PagesThe term â€Å"privilege† is when a person has the right or confused with having the right to do something. For example, for someone to advance their education is not a privilege perhaps it is a right. In some cases during cer tain situation person can be granted the privilege. White privilege is a word greatly used in social rights that advantage individuals to be acknowledged as white in Western countries, afar what is frequently proficient by non-white individuals in the same social, political, orRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege Essay2193 Words   |  9 Pages When I think about white privilege, I see it as something I must understand to truly feel a relation to my own privileges with race. â€Å"As a white person, I realized I had been taught about racism as something which puts others at a disadvantage, but had been taught not to see one of its corollary aspects, white privilege, which puts me at an advantage.† (McIntosh 1988) When comparing other privileges McIntosh sees that her life is more influenced by her skin color than class, religion, ethnic statusRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege2557 Words   |  11 PagesWhite Privilege in America Privilege affects everyone, regardless of if they are affected positively or negatively. Being the majority of majorities in America, white males bear an automatic stamp of privilege on their foreheads, although they would care very strongly not to admit it. On the surface, privilege does not seem like such a bad thing, but when you pay attention to the differentiation of struggles between white men and everyone else in America, you can see it is a very large issue. WhetherRead MoreWhite Privilege : The Black Privilege988 Words   |  4 PagesWhite Privilege Privilege is defined as â€Å"a special advantage or authority possessed by a particular person or group† in the Cambridge Dictionary. Globally, white individuals are often granted privileges than minority groups do not receive. While white privilege often goes unnoticed by white individuals, it causes many disadvantages for people of color and effects how they see themselves. Furthermore, Affirmative Action attempts to equal the playing field for minorities but is faced with contentionRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege1620 Words   |  7 PagesAt its core, white privilege is described to be an â€Å"invisible package of unearned assets† (McIntosh, 2002, p. 33) for white people. There are many layers explaining the manifestation of white privilege and even more explanations pertaining to its dominant presence in today’s world. This essay will address key aspects of white privilege and pick the two most important aspects with explanations signifying the reasons for their choosing. An explicit aspect of white privilege is the fact that it is

Hcr/210 Week 6 Checkpoint Free Essays

Record Organization HCR/210 January 15, 2012 There are a few differences and similarities among small, medium, and large facilities concerning the organization of patient records and in how they handle loose reports. I have noticed that most facilities prefer that their loose records are permanently anchored in their charts, which makes sense to me because it prevents the loose reports from being misplaced and lost. However, the different sizes of facilities tend to organize patient files differently according to each particular facility’s policies. We will write a custom essay sample on Hcr/210 Week 6 Checkpoint or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most popular methods of organization that I have seen include chronologically, form numbers, report type, and category. During my review of the interview threads, I noticed a lot of similarities and a lot of differences in how patient files are handled. For example the medium and large facilities are by far more likely to use electronic files than paper ones, thus eliminating the threat of misplaced records. The most common difference that I saw was in whether or not the facilities use paper files. It seems that almost all of the medium and large facilities are using electronic files and everything automatically gets filed with the patient’s main file immediately. However, in small facilities they are much more likely to use paper files in which case everything is filed with the patient’s main record immediately in order to make it easy to locate and to prevent it from getting lost. In conclusion, whether the facility is small, medium, or large they all take special care in the organization of their files whether they are paper or electronic. How to cite Hcr/210 Week 6 Checkpoint, Papers

Theories of Crime and Deviance in Terms of Explaining Crime free essay sample

Some of the theories which will be discussed today are developed from functionalism assuming that criminal activity is motivated by economic needs, while other theorists argue a social class rationale for deviance. Marxist attempted to put a new approach in order concerning sub cultural theories. This approach, which was named the ‘new criminology’, puts a much greater emphasis on the perceptions of the deviants, and of those who directly confront the deviant and specific context in which the deviant act occurs. The focus of concern is not of traditional Marxism on how powerful groups create law, but more to do with the law enforcement, patterns of law breaking and the motives of crime. The new Marxist approach on subcultural issue stresses on two factors. 1. The contents of youth culture 2. The differences produced by class background. From a Marxist perspective Crime and deviance can only be understood in terms of capitalism and class struggle. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Crime and Deviance in Terms of Explaining Crime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Marxist believes that Capitalism creates inequalities, which lead to conflict. Greed, selfishness and want are associated with capitalism, and it is these in which lead people to committing crime. In a capitalist society there are pressures to break the law, which affect people from all sections of society from the wealthiest to the poor. Crimes are often motivated by financial gain, Marxist also agreed with just what Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin argued, by agreeing that yes there are also crimes which are committed which are mot motivated by financial gain, which were called non-utilitian crimes. Again these crimes can be seen as expressions of the frustration and aggression, which the capitalist society produces. Marxists claims that there is one law for the rich and one law for the poor in society. Marxists believe the law is enforced systemically, and it is biased in favour of those who are on top. Corporate crime costs society much more than benefit fraud committed by the lower class in society, but yet it is those who are at the bottom of society who are targeted more. The police would target the working class more as they often commit crime, which is easily visible, and therefore they are easier to prosecute. . Albert Cohen theory found that certain groups within society react by resorting to crime in order to achieve success. In order to gain a status and that they are motivated to commit these crimes through status frustration. Cohen was one of the first American sociologists to study subcultures and gangs amongst young working class males. Cohen analyzed the motivations of working class youths and the explanations in which could explain why they committed crimes. He accepted that these youths also pursued the success goals of mainstream society, but were unable to achieve those goals because of educational failure, which in turn led to low-level jobs. Such failure was due to their position in the social structure of society. Cultural deprivation is the reason for educational failure of members of the working class. In 1955 Cohen said â€Å"throughout there is a kind of malice apparent, an employment at the discomfort of others and a delight in the defiance of taboos† What Cohen meant by this was that youths in a delinquent subculture take pleasure in other peoples disapproval and suffering as a result of their deviant behavior. Activities such as stealing, Joy riding, Vandalism and truancy are highly regarded in that subculture while condemned in the wider society. Figures from the Crime survey for England and Wales have shown that 2. million violent incidents were recorded in 2011/2012. It’s been estimated that young people aged 10-17 were responsible for 23% of police recorded crime. In 2010 equivalent to just over a million police recorded crimes. Considering other theorists who studied subcultures was Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin. Cloward was an American Sociologist and an activist. He influenced the strain theory of criminal behavior. Lloyd Ohlin was an American sociologist and criminologist who taught at Harvard law school, Columbia University and the university of Chicago. Over his career he studied the causes and effects of crime and punishment, especially as it related to youthful offenders and delinquents. This is seen as a functional perspective of subcultural behavior. Many working class youths who cannot gain status legitimately, become frustrated and therefore try to gain status through illegitimate. They create their own subculture and reject the norms and values of mainstream society. Richard Clowen in 1961 said, â€Å" The boy who joins a gang isn’t in a rut. He has aspirations, but no place to go with them†. Both theorists argue that delinquency resulted from the irresponsibility of youths as a symptom of poverty and the lack of alternative opportunities caused by poverty. The conditions underlying delinquency could be resolved through social programs in local communities that will help address the essential causes and provide support for those in their local society. Members of the working class are more likely to deviate because they have fewer opportunities to achieve success by legitimate means. However, they then developed three possible responses to this problem. The crime committed within these subcultures if often non-utilitarian. This means the crime is undertaken for no financial gain. For example, vandalizing a building or to graffiti a building. This does not make money for the criminal, however it will gain status among their peers. Figures have shown that Graffiti cleanup takes a big chunk out of budgets. In America 80% of the Graffiti is gang related. In 2003 the city of Los Angeles spent $55 million dollars on graffiti removal. Cloward and Ohlin identify the 3 types of delinquent subculture. First one being Criminal Subculture, in this situation the young delinquent has access to a criminal subculture. Such subcultures emerge in areas where there is already an organized adult criminal community. The 2nd type of delinquent subculture is Conflict subculture. Here, conflict subculture develops in areas where there is little opportunity to gain access to a criminal subculture. Such as there is no real opportunity to acquire role models and criminal skills. The last type of delinquent subculture is the retreatist subculture. In this situation, working class youths will be faced with failure to achieve uccess either by lawfully or unlawfully. Such a subculture will often revolve around drugs. David Matza who is an American sociologist developed a theory on delinquency, which is based on what he terms. â€Å"Drift†. His concept of drift is based on the idea that individuals at will between law abiding and criminal behavior and are never committed entirely to one type of behavior. His theory argues that crime has an element of freewill, individual choice and a questioning of behavior. He believes that individuals have a choice and can decide on different courses of action. He argues against the subculture theorists previously stated that external force within society does not dictate all their movement. Matza asserts that most delinquents disapprove of crimes of violence such as armed robbery and mugging as well as stealing cars. Indeed he argues that young offenders are only engaged in committing crimes occasionally. They are casually immersed in a pattern of illegal activity. Matza observed several values from delinquents in which they refine as subterranean values. The 1st value delinquents search for a thrill or an adrenaline rush. This rush they seek is not easily accomplished through law-abiding means. The excitement might even come from the fact that the behavior is not accepted. The 2nd value is that they do not view normal occupations as worth the work when they can make more money doing illegal acts. Researchers believe this is to gain rank and prestige among their criminals. Lastly they argue that the delinquent becomes aggressive because of their alienation. This is clearly seen in gang rivalries when violence is used to protect â€Å"turfs† and reputations. The purpose of this aggression is to show how tough they are and that they have achieved manhood. However Matza concluded that their study on the effect of subterranean values still do not explain several aspects of Juvenile delinquency. For example the reasons into why certain Juveniles convert subterrerrean values into serious criminal behavior and others do not. Subcultural theories have been built upon the work of Merton. Theorists have said that deviance is the result of individuals conforming to the values and norms of a social group to which they belong. However if a social group who’s norms are different than those of the main society then they will become deviant. Cohen said lower working class boys want to achieve the success, which is valued by mainstream culture. However due to education failure and the head end jobs that result from this, they have little chance of achieving these goals. This then leads to status frustration. The boys are at the bottom of the social structure and have little chance of gaining a higher status in society. This is similar to Merton’s theory, however Cohen said that instead of turning to crime as Merton said they would, they reject the norms and values of mainstream society and instead turn to the norms and values of a delinquent subculture. In this subculture the boys can achieve success because the social group has different norms and values from the rest of society. So in this culture a high value is placed upon criminal acts such as stealing and vandalism, which are condemned by mainstream society. The issue with today’s society could be argued that the mean reason is the increase of the unemployment rate. The percentage of young youths being unemployed is higher than ever. 75 Million, which works out 12. 6% of 15-24 year olds around the world, are out of work. 7. 5 million of those youths are not in either education or training. Cherie Blair, who is the chair of the street weapons commission, told the daily telegraph that she believed â€Å"that there is no quick fixes to solve the problems of gun and knife violence in Britain. † She cautioned that no single policy would â€Å"Reverse the trend of young people carrying weapons†. More than 70 youngsters died at the hands of gangs in Britain in 2008. In London 26 were stabbed to death, there’s more than 170 gangs, with members as young as ten years old. Many are friends from the same area with intent of controlling a â€Å"turf† referring back also to what Matza stated. These â€Å"turfs† are often defined by a postcode. The penalty for straying into the wrong area is to be robbed, beaten or stabbed. Many teenagers now carry a knife out of fear, in order to defend themselves if attacked. These figures prove that Cloward and Ohlin’s theory still are relevant in today’s society. When they stated that delinquency resulted from the irresponsibility of youths as a symptom of poverty and the lack of alternative opportunity caused by poverty. This could most defiantly refer back to a society such as London as 4 in 10 London children Live in poverty. David Downes is a British sociologist that studied east London adolescents, and tested the American sub cultural theories. There was no evidence to suggest the existence of status frustration or of the illegitimate opportunity structures that Cloward and Ohlin’s argued. However he did find strong evidence in support of Matza. Their lives were characterized by dissociation from work and aspirations of a career. They did not enjoy their jobs, it was merely a means of gaining money. However they did not show resentment about law school status, as Cohen would have predicted. Or lack of employment opportunities. Contrary to Cloward and Ohlin, the lack of satisfaction at work and school often led youths to stress. Downes called this â€Å"leisure values† which is very similar to Matza’s subterranean values. The youths in his study placed a much greater stress on leisure values than middle class youths tended to do precisely because of their relative lack of satisfaction at school and work. To conclude, then it seems the majority of subcultural theories are incredibly effective in explaining working class crime and are also able to apply strain theory to back up their arguments. References http://www. arasite. org/subclths. html Cohen, Albert Short, James, (1958), Research in Delinquent Subcultures, Journal of Social Issues, pages 20–37. Cohen, P. (1972). Sub-cultural Conflict and Working Class Community. Working Papers in Cultural Studies. No. 2. Birmingham: University of Birmingham. Miller, Walter (1958). Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency. Journal of Social Issues. Pages 5-20 Matza, David. (1964). Delinquency and Drift. Reprint edition: 1990. Transaction Press. Pages