Being Ignominious Will Only Backfire :: essays research papers

Being Ignominious Will Only BackfireAlmost everyone has done some topic deceptive and had the upshot backfire. Its usually to avoid an unfavorable event, when in the long run what was avoided still occurs. Roxy a beautiful one-sixteenth black slave tried the same thing in Puddnhead Wilson by switching her infant chamber with her masters infant tom. The infants were identical and born on the same day, the only difference was Chambers was considered black. Roxy went by dint of with her plan to avoid her son being sold away from her, either of them going plenty river, and many other misfortunes that might happen. When Roxy switched Tom and Chambers the figure was to not only avoid sending Chambers down river, but also allow him live a life not only as a free man but also a privileged white one with heir to an estate. Tom grows up to be a coward and rude man. He is rude to other people including his real mother Roxy. Through out his childhood he has Chambers fight for him and get him out of his problems. Chambers was strong beyond his years, and a good fighter strong because he was coarsely fed and securely worked about the house, and a good fighter because Tom furnished him plenty of practice- on white boys whom he hated and was afraid of. (Pg. 42) Tom is rude to other people including his real mother Roxy. He commits robbery on several occasions to make up for the money he lost while gambling. Then, after Roxy became a freed slave Tom sold her down river, and later murdered his uncle, Judge Driscoll, in a robbery attempt. Puddnhead Wilson uses his wit and fingerprinting theory to prove in court that Tom and Chambers were switched at their young age. Between the ages of seven months and eight months those children were changed in the cradle. (Pg. 163) Wilson then also discovered that Tom murdered Judge Driscoll. The murderer of your friend and mine- York Driscoll of the generous hard and the kindly spirit- sits in among you. Valet de Chambre, Negro and sl ave- falsely called Thomas a Becket Driscoll- make upon the window- the fingerprints that will hang you (Pg.

The Iliad of Homer :: essays research papers

The Iliad Outline &explain the qualities of a Homeric Hero. Who best fits the bill? Why?The Homeric hero strives to be the best among his peers. His finis is to achieve the greatest glory in order to earn the highest honor from his peers, his commander, and finally from his warrior society. He strives for excellence in particular argonas of human behavior, such behaviors are strength, skill, and determination. These are necessary on the both the athletic and battlefields, it is known as the idea of arete.The Homeric hero judges his own arete by what his warrior society thinks of him. How swell up the Homeric hero will be remembered and honored is determined upon how well he fights, how his heroic adversity is, and how well he faces death. He feels that societys attitude towards him is more important than is own attitude. He chooses to act in a way that will make him acquire public approval that he needs in order to have self-esteem.The greatest insult to a Homeric hero is to with hold the honor that he has earned. He is completely bust when honor is denied him. The honor that he would not have received would be from a battle, not receiving an appropriate impressive prize, or being judged a loser in a competition he should have won. The highest and nearly honored prize is called the prize of honor. In the Iliad this prize is the most attractive, intelligent, and skilled female captive. The most absolute honor is everlasting fame. It is the only for of immortality that a mortal can acquire. This places the Homeric hero lower than the gods, but higher than the ordinary man.Achilles, Hector, Agamemnon, and Patroclus are considered Homeric heroes. Achilles acted childish when he did not receive the appropriate prize. He said, you threaten to take away my prize of honor, which I earned and which the Greeks gave to me. Whenever I sack a town, my prize is never as great as yours, even though I am the greatest Greek fighter. Even so, my small prize is my own. So no w I will return to my homeland. I refuse to stay here, dishonored, in order to win greater wealth for you He is upset that he did not receive a great prize as Agamemnon did. Achilles had worked so hard to earn a prize and Agamemnon had taken the credit for it and gotten the better

Canterbury Tales Essay - The Assertive and Vulnerable Wife of Bath

The Assertive and Vulnerable Wife of Bath Society was different in Chaucers time males dominated and women were suppressed. The manipulative and foul nature of women was emphasized by men. Much like Eve in the Bible, women were blamed for the downfall of man. Through the Wife of Bath, Chaucer investigates the difficulty of self-realization for a woman in this restrictive environment. The wife of bath, Alison, represents antifeminist stereotypes and searches for happiness and a place in a patriarchal society. Unfortunately, Alison is never in tune with who she really is as a woman. Chaucer uses a series of ironies to eventually show that under her seemingly confident guise, there hides the soul of a vulnerable, lost woman. The Wife of Bath argues in favor of women. She disparages the flora of the male scholars that denigrate women. Using her savage lion analogy, she reasons that if women had but written the stories, then such minus portrayals would not exist. Therefore, at first, the Wife of Bath appears to be in favor of womens rights. Ironically, the Wife of bath does not help women, her actions coinciding with the scholars accusations. Alison DOES dress gaily, with her stockings of fine scarlet red. The color red is indicative of a quarrelsome, bold lady, as is the symbol of the gap in her teeth, to indicate licentiousness. When she goes walking out by night, and followed on my appetite, Whether the lad was short, long, black, or white.(275), the Wife does adjudicate to be adulterous. In relationships with her husbands, the wife IS devious and deceitful, making up accusations to pre-empt any on the part of the husbands. Therefore, while on one level attempting to protest the negative s... ...son into obedience, and has been the partner who dominates and controls all along. Her efforts to find true happiness are futile, and she lives a lie. The Wife of Bath is admirable in that she is assertive and has attempted to succeed in her life. Despite being a wo man of the fourteenth century, her ideas, beliefs, and actions are more like a woman of the twenty-first century. She is truly a woman forrad of her time. Unfortunately, her restrictive environment prevented her from self-realization. Therefore, she fails to effectively cope with and change her situation. The wife of bath is a sad, lost woman, who used the wrong methods to find true love and happiness. privateness behind a confident mask, this woman is never truly free. Works CitedChaucer, Geoffrey.The Wife of Baths Tale. The Canterbury Tales.Trans. Nevill Coghill. New York Penguin, 1977.

West Side Story Essay -- essays research papers

In 1961, West positioning Story, a filmed version of the hit Broadway musical that was inspired by William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, was released to viewers, who just could not resist the energy and excitement of the movie. Thirty-eight years later, viewers, like myself, still cannot resist it. I had never seen the film, which was directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins, before, but I had always windered why people loved this multi award-winning movie so much. After viewing the film, I think that it deserved the ten Academy Awards that it won because it has withstood the test of time and it truly is a remarkable film. It still has the same flair and ability to lure the viewer into the plot as it did when it was first shown in theaters. I think that it truly is one of the best pictures of this century because it offers entertainment and an important lesson about hate as well.West Side Story is in the first place a social statement with a touching love story surrounding the social aspect of the film. West Side Story has three of import themes, love, tragedy, and justice, which are brought to light throughout the course of the movie. The plot of the film involves two race-based gangs fighting to rule the same strip of street on the West Side of New York City in the late 1950s. The film teaches a valuable lesson a lesson about how hate can kill a person and extirpate the lives of his or her loved ones. The Jets, a white gang of teenagers led by Riff, and the Sharks, the Puerto Ri...

Regression Results :: Research Analysis

3.3.4. ResultsFor the purpose of finding a suitable function for benefits transfer, different meta-regression mock ups become undertake (i) different functional forms (e.g., a simple linear form versus semi-log form) (ii) a fully specified model including all independent variables and a restricted model on grounds of statistical significance or econometric problems (e.g., multicollinearity) (iii) robust consistent standard errors to correct for heteroskedasticity. As shown by the stress for heteroskedasticity (see Table 3.7), a simple linear form has heteroskedasticity. There are several ways to correct for heteroskedasticity (e.g., GLS, WLS, robust consistent errors, and selective information transformation). For this study, robust consistent standard errors and data transformation (e.g., the log transformation of the dependent variable) are utilized. All independent variables initially are considered, even if later dropped on grounds of statistical significance or econometric problems (e.g., multicollinearity). Some variables (e.g., MSW and ACTIV) are dropped because the variables have multicollinearity and/or are statistically insignificant at the 20% level for optimizing the meta-regression transfer model (suggested by Rosenberger and Loomis (2001, 2003).A wide range of diagnostic tests has been conducted on each regression for benefits transfer (suggested by Walton et al. 2006). The R2 for the overall fit of the regression, hypothesis tests (F tests and t tests), and diagnostic works (e.g., skewness-kurtosis normality test, Ramseys RESET test for the specification error bias, heteroskedasticity test, and multicollinearity assessment) are reported.The F test assesses the null hypothesis that all or some coefficients ( ) on the models instructive variables equal zero i.e., H_0 _1= _2== _k=0 for all or some coefficients (Wooldridge 2003). A linear restriction test on some coefficients is useful before dropping the variables when some variables are unr eliable due to multicollinearity (Hamilton 2004). An important issue when handling small samples is the potential for multicollinearity which has a high degree of linear relationships between explanatory variables (Walton et al. 2006). The high correlation between estimated coefficients on explanatory variables in small samples can produce possible concerns (i) substantially higher standard errors with lower t statistics (a greater chance of falsely accepting the null hypothesis in standard significance tests) (ii) unforeseen changes in coefficient magnitudes or signs and (iii) statistically insignificant coefficients despite the high R2 (Hamilton 2004). A number of tests to indicate the presence and severity of multicollinearity exist (e.g., Durbin-Watson tests, VIF, Tolerance, and a correlation matrix between estimated coefficients). One test is the variance inflation factor (VIF) which measures the degree to which the variance and standard error of an estimated coefficient inc rease because of the inclusion of the explanatory variable (i.

Regression Results :: Research Analysis

3.3.4. ResultsFor the purpose of finding a suitable function for benefits transfer, different meta-regression models become specified (i) different useful forms (e.g., a simple running(a) form versus semi-logarithm form) (ii) a fully specified model including all independent variables and a restricted model on thou of statistical significance or econometric problems (e.g., multicollinearity) (iii) robust consistent standard errors to correct for heteroskedasticity. As shown by the test for heteroskedasticity (see Table 3.7), a simple linear form has heteroskedasticity. There are several ways to correct for heteroskedasticity (e.g., GLS, WLS, robust consistent errors, and data transformation). For this study, robust consistent standard errors and data transformation (e.g., the log transformation of the dependent variable) are utilized. All independent variables initially are considered, even if later dropped on grounds of statistical significance or econometric problems (e.g., mul ticollinearity). Some variables (e.g., MSW and ACTIV) are dropped because the variables have multicollinearity and/or are statistically insignificant at the 20% level for optimizing the meta-regression transfer model (suggested by Rosenberger and Loomis (2001, 2003).A extensive range of diagnostic tests has been conducted on each regression for benefits transfer (suggested by Walton et al. 2006). The R2 for the overall fit of the regression, hypothesis tests (F tests and t tests), and diagnostic kit and caboodle (e.g., skewness-kurtosis normality test, Ramseys RESET test for the specification error bias, heteroskedasticity test, and multicollinearity assessment) are reported.The F test assesses the null hypothesis that all or rough coefficients ( ) on the models explanatory variables equal zero i.e., H_0 _1= _2== _k=0 for all or some coefficients (Wooldridge 2003). A linear restriction test on some coefficients is useful before dropping the variables when some variables are unr eliable due to multicollinearity (Hamilton 2004). An important issue when handling small samples is the potential for multicollinearity which has a high dot of linear relationships between explanatory variables (Walton et al. 2006). The high correlation between estimated coefficients on explanatory variables in small samples can produce possible concerns (i) substantially higher(prenominal) standard errors with lower t statistics (a greater chance of falsely accepting the null hypothesis in standard significance tests) (ii) unexpected changes in coefficient magnitudes or signs and (iii) statistically insignificant coefficients despite the high R2 (Hamilton 2004). A number of tests to indicate the presence and severity of multicollinearity exist (e.g., Durbin-Watson tests, VIF, Tolerance, and a correlation ground substance between estimated coefficients). One test is the variance inflation factor (VIF) which measures the degree to which the variance and standard error of an estima ted coefficient increase because of the inclusion of the explanatory variable (i.

Arthur Miller’s The Crucible Essay

A crucible is defined as a painful trial or a container in which metals are break up at very high temperatures. Much like how metals mold to a new shape at very high temperatures, people change when severe trials and challenges present themselves. When innocent lives are lost, a person go out realize the wrongs and attempt to make things right again. The character John sweep up must bequeath his old teachings and way of life to try to return the town of capital of Oregon to a peaceful community. In Arthur Millers The Crucible, empyrean John drop behind transforms from a prideful prosecutor of witches to a humble defender of the incriminate because of the guilt trip he experiences over the innocent lives lost during the Salem witch trials. Reverend John thrust arrives in Salem as a prideful man with intentions of persecuting the accused of witchcraft and ridding the town of all evil.Author Arthur Miller says of Hale, This is a beloved errand of him on being called here to as certain witchcraft he felt the pride of the specialist whose unique knowledge has at last been publicly called for.(Miller 1252) Miller explains that the reverend has great pride in having the opportunity to show off his skills to rid the town of Salem of witchcraft. His skills in the beginning of the trials come from his books instead of from his own intuitions. Reverend Hale brings many books into the town in order to use their knowledge to persecute the accused. He recalls these books to be infallible, and they cause him to believe that he will solve all of the towns problems with them. Along with the knowledge from his books, he speaks, with a tasty love of intellectual pursuit.(Miller 1257) These stage directions imply that Hale thirsts to be the all-knowing savior of Salem. In his early days at Salem this thirst and his faith in the judicial system guide him to encounter the suspected witches and deal with them accordingly. The reverends early thirst for heroism soon vanish es as the trials pursue and more unexpected people in Salem are accused of witchcraft.Hale travels to the Proctor residence by his accord, without the courts authority, to learn more nearly them because Elizabeth Proctor has been menti iodind in the court. Learning about the faith life of Elizabeth, Hale starts to question whether all of the accused participate in witchcraft, and uncertainty of the infallible judicial system starts to arise in him. This doubt grows as he says to Judge Danforth about the trials, But is does not follow that everyone accused is part of it.(Miller 1300) He realizes now that the accused are given no chance to plead innocent without the sure fate of death. Hale sees flaw in the judicial system that he has lived by, and wonders if the many he has condemned to death had no opportunity at all to seek innocence. Knowing that the accused have no chance for survival but through ration of witchcraft, Hale proclaims, I have this morning signed away the soul of Rebecca Nurse, Your Honor.Ill not conceal it, my hand shakes yet as with a wound(Miller 1301) He knows that Rebecca has a good life of faith, and she will most definitely be condemned to death by the so called infallible judicial system because of him. Hale shows the feeling of guilt by signing away the life of Goody Nurse, and realizes that he must try to defend the accused because the court will not. Hale loses all penury to condemn the accused and no longer holds pride in himself or his judicial system. With his motivation to seek out witches now gone, Hale believes many of the accused to be innocent and tries to convince this to the court. He tells Judge Danforth, I beg you, stop now before another is condemned I may not come together my conscience to it no moreprivate vengeance is working through this testimony From the beginning this man has struck me true. By my oath to Heaven, I believe him now.(Miller 1311)His guilt pushes him to defend the accused in front of the judge so that their blood will not be on his hands. Hale knows his association with the courts will result in the loss of innocent lives, and he cannot live with himself knowing this. Knowing now that the court operates with error, he quits it and denounces its proceedings. John Hale no longer want to participate in the courts murdering of the innocent, and feels guilty for the lives that he has already condemned through the judicial system. Hale now knows that he needfully to think for himself rather than following the laws and rules of the judicial system he has lived by his whole life. Working separate from the court, the reverend says, I come to do the galls work. I come to counsel Christians they should belie themselves.(Miller 1325) Hale knows that the only way to rid the guilt from his mind is to convince the accused to lie and confess so that their lives may be saved.He has lost faith in the court system that will condemn innocent lives, and, throwing away his pride, puts out on e last effort to save some of the lives he has condemned. His motivation has changed from condemning the witches in the town to attempting to save the accused. As his efforts are about to fail, he drops to his knees and says, What simoleons him to bleed? Shall the dust praise him? Shall the worms declare his truth? Go to him, take his shame away(Miller 1334) His efforts to defend the accused fail, and guilt overwhelms him. Reverend John Hale cannot live with the innocent lives he has sentenced to murder and is humbled as the accused are led to their death.Cleave to no faith when faith brings blood(Miller 1326) says a transformed reverend as the Salem witch trials come to an end. Reverend Hale loses not only his faith in the judicial system, but as well in the God who he believed to be too perfect to allow these tragic events to happen. He humbles himself because the pride that he once had leads to the death innocent lives in Salem. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, Reverend John H ale changes from a prideful prosecutor of the witches to a humble defender of the accused because of the guilt that overwhelms him out-of-pocket to the innocent blood shed at his hands during the Salem witch trials.

A Study of Warfare in Europe Between 1300 and 1500 Essay

Since the introduction of pulverisation into Europe, it has g whizz on to dominate contendfare into the ordinal century. With the development of the first European guns in the 14th century, armies were given use of a weapon which was to radic bothy alter most of the ways of making war which had been established during the Middle Ages, and changes began to be seen within barely a a couple of(prenominal) years. It is, however, question up to(p) whether the nature of these proto(prenominal) changes constituted a revolution in the methods of war, and still more than than so whether guns had by 1500 made a great deal of impact on the character of war as it had existed in 1300. In assessing whether a revolution had interpreted place (or at least whether one was in the process of happening) by 1500, it is necessary to examine three ambits the effectiveness of guns during the period the period of their use in conflicts and finally the changes which resulted from the employment o f the bran-new weapons in war.The first reliable sources which assert the human beings of guns appeared in the 1320s, and from the late 1330s the number of references to them rose dramatically. The early guns were of large calibre and use almost exclusively for beleaguers, although as early as Crcy in 1346, the English waked off some cannons which they had brought to the difference of opinion to frighten the Genoese. Guns were made in one of two ways. Firstly, there were cast alloy guns, usually of bronze, which were made at the foundry. These were usually the better weapons because they were made of a single piece of metal and therefore were less likely to burst apart on attack. The second method was arranging wrought iron strips into tubes which were because bound together with iron hoops in much the said(prenominal) way as barrels were made. The advantage of these guns was that iron was a much cheaper metal than bronze ( only could not be cast), but being made of many p ieces faults were more likely to develop, ca employ either the release of explosive pressure by means of the sides of the barrel and therefore a reduction in the power of the slam, or even the complete bursting of the gun.This structural weakness was compounded by the inclusion of a detachable breech (such guns were far easier to build) which often detached itself on the discharging of the weapon. condescension their miss of quality, however, iron guns were the more numerous due to their comparative cheapness, although smaller guns tended to be made chiefly from bronze both because of the difficulties of constructing small guns from ironstrips, and because they required less metal than the great bombards. The coats and types multiplied from their modest beginnings until there were guns ranging in size and type from great bombards used for reducing entire cities, to handguns used as anti-personnel weapons.The early role vie by ordnance was in sieges, where its effectiveness w as short widely appreciated. Broadly speaking, the use of guns meant that sieges could be brought to a conclusion much more quickly. Cannons, with the ability to throw stones with great force oer a pet trajectory and with more accuracy than the old siege engines, could postulate an end to a siege in a few weeks where previously it might choose taken several months. In 1437, the castle of Castelnau-de-Cerns was broken down during the said siege by cannon and engines, and a great part of the walls of the same thrown to the ground, so that it was in no way defensible against the kings enemies.On occasion, the mere presence of bombards could be enough to induce quick surrender, cities preferring capitulation to large-scale destruction by cannon fire. As artillery was added to armies in increasing amounts during the 1400s, wars became far more fast-moving affairs. The cut employed artillery on a large scale in reducing the English fortresses in Normandy and Gascony, eyepatch huge, cumbersome bombards were used to good effect by the Spanish in the Reconquista. Such was the effectiveness of artillery by 1500 that Machiavelli could declare that No wall exists, however thick, that artillery cannot destroy in a few days.The successes which the early guns had in siege state of war led to the bombard being a vital part of any countrys armory. The use of the counterweight trbuchet, which had been in existence in Roman times, failed to decline until the 1380s and was still listed as an active weapon in some French arms inventories until the 1460s. This shows the gradual nature of the introduction of gunpowder artillery (perhaps caused by shortages of materials for the cannons or unwillingness to invest in them when a prince already owned trbuchets), but there was pocket-size doubt that guns were be approach by far the better siege weapons. Their importance gave rise to a kind of arms race in France in particular, with cities in the contested areas of the Hundred g eezerhood War assigning the acquisition of guns a highpriority.Charles the Bolds regular army included a substantial artillery element in his war with the Swiss (although he was perhaps not a good enough general to make effective use of it), while in 1494, Charles VIII invaded Italy with an army of 18,000 men and a horse-drawn siege-train of at least forty guns. Even contemporaries realised that this marked a new departure in warfare in 1498 the Venetian Senate declared that the wars of the present time are influenced more by the force of bombards and artillery than by men at arms.Despite their undoubted worth, however, artillery did receive a number of disadvantages at this time. Perhaps the main one of these is the chronic difficulty of moving the bowed down(p) guns, especially over land. Philip the beloved of Burgundy experienced such problems in his war with Ghent in 1452-3 Such was the weight of a great bombard which he borrowed from the town of Mons that all the bridges bet ween Mons and Lille had to be strengthened with iron supports for its passage. During the journey, the gun fell into a ditch, and took two days to be extricated by men using lifting equipment specially constructed for the purpose. Transport was easier by river, but clearly this limited the movement of the artillery.It is partly because of these transport problems that artillery (with the exception of handguns) was used little during open airfield battles. Particularly when manoeuvring was of critical importance to an army, the last thing a commander would want would be to have to stay for the artillery, which would be loosen uper than the rest of his force, and be unlikely to be able to move away from roads. Due to a lack of enthusiasm for such a cumbersome landing field weapon, field artillery developed little in the early days of gunpowder, and the large cannons which were used on force fields tended to be immobile siege guns which had been hastily adapted.Not only did the la ck of mobility of cannons cause problems for armies on the march, but it in any case restricted their usefulness on the battlefield itself. The absence of effective gun carriages meant that artillery tended to be fixed earlier than able to be aimed, the guns being mounted on wooden frames or exactly commited on mounds of earth. Their slow rate of fire (not only because of the time taken to load them, but because it took time for theguns to cool down between shots) and their limited range at this time was another weakness, which led to them being easily overrun. Soldiers could wait at the limit of the guns range until the first salvo had been fired, then charge, reaching them well before the next shots could be fired, and disable the guns. The weaknesses of artillery on the battlefield were such that, Even during the second half of the fifteenth century cannons were only used occasionally in pitched battles.Handguns were of more use on the battlefield, having no(prenominal) of t he transport problems of the heavy artillery and having a great deal in common with the crossbow, a weapon of proven worth. Like the crossbow, the handgun was a specialize anti-personnel weapon, and was ideal for hammock at large unresolved masses of soldiers where it could inflict considerable damage. The advantages which handguns had over crossbows was their superior hitting power, (of which Pope Pius II remarked, No armour can withstand the blow of this torment, and even oaks are penetrated by it,) and their relative cheapness due to the simplicity of their construction. As their accuracy improved and the numbers of deft marksmen increased, they came to supersede the crossbows in European armies, but by 1500 this process was by no means complete, the two weapons frequently working side-by-side in battles. mend the slow rate of fire of handguns meant they could not stand independently in battle and needed the support of troops armed with close-combat weapons, they became an a ccepted auxiliary weapon in many armies.Despite the increased use of gunpowder weapons in battle, they were by no means always successful. Superiority in artillery was no imprimatur of victory, as Charles the Bold discovered at Grandson and Morat in 1476. At Agincourt, the French gunners were pushed to one side by their own men at arms and played no significant role in the course of the battle. There are, however, examples of the successes of guns in battle, hinting at the success they were to achieve in the future. The Battle of Castillon in 1453 showed the devastating personal effects of crossfire Talbot imprudently attacked the French camp which led to the intervention of the French flogy commanded by Giraud de Samian, a highly respected cannoneer. He grievously injuredthem because with each shot five or six fell dead to the ground.With the increased use of guns, deaths and injuries caused by them came to be recorded in greater number In 1442, John Payntour, an English esquire, was killed by a culverin shot at La Role. Four years previously, Don Pedro, brother of the king of Castile, had been decapitated by a gunshot during the siege of the castle of Capuana at NaplesIn April 1422, one Michael Bouyer, esquire, was languishing in prison at Meaux, gravely ill and mutilated in one of his legs by a cannon shot, in such a way that he cannot aid himselfIt was becoming obvious that the gun could not only batter down fortifications, but could kill, and kill selectively from afar.It is clear that by 1500, guns had come to be an everyday part of European armies. While the use of firearms on the battlefield tended to be limited to handguns, these were gradually replacing the older bows as the main auxiliary shot weapon. Cannons had made a huge impact on the consider of siege warfare, bringing sieges to an end comparatively swiftly, and becoming indispensable in great armies. Although there were bound to be initial troubles with what was after all a relatively new w eapon, notable successes were being recorded, especially in sieges, and the gun was definitely here to stay. To constitute a revolution, though, the suppuration use of such weapons would have to have changed not only the methods of making war, but also the outcome and the character of conflicts. What, then, were the consequences of the increased use of gunpowder?One of the largest series of changes happened in the area where the new guns were at their most effective, that of siege warfare. The advantages which a defending army could gain by hiding within fortifications had been understood for a long time. During the tall Middle Ages, the war zones of Western Europe had become studded with castles and forts, and wars came to be characterised not by swift manoeuvre and open field battles, but more through long, drawn-out sieges. The failure of an attacking army to take a castle was likely to cause it a great deal of problems.If bypassed by an army, a defending garrison could retake control of the surrounding countryside from its secure central base and conduct raids on the opposites army and supplies (especially as fortifications tended to be located atcommunications centres). Failure to take a large number of castles could result in their garrisons uniting to form an army capable of defeating the enemy force in the open field. In short, territory could not be conquered without gaining control of the fortifications within it.The effect of the introduction of effective siege guns with the capability of breaching the walls of castles was to bring the advantage in siege warfare away from defence and more towards the attacking force. With guns able to bring about the capitulation of fortresses within a few weeks or even a few days, there was a diminishing prospect of the defending country being able to organise an army in time to relieve the besieged. It would seem that the introduction of cannons had, for a time at least, called into question the efficacy of def ence by small, dispersed garrisons defending fortifications. Had the use of siege guns not get outd a justificative reaction, it seems practical that the castle could have been made redundant and defensive armies driven to do battle in the open field on equal terms with their adversaries.Attacking innovation, however, did produce defensive reaction, which in turn provoked counter-reaction from besiegers, and this greatly adapted the nature of siege warfare during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Guns, of course, were not exclusively weapons of attack. Defensive firearms were an early experiment which had some effect in obligeing some sort of defensability of fortifications in two ways. Firstly, by firing at the besieging army from the castle walls, defensive marksmen and cannoneers could take advantage of the short range of early guns by making it very hard to position bombards close enough to the walls to cause damage.By refusing to give the besieging army the freedom to position guns wherever they liked, the defenders could in this way keep the enemy at arms length. The second way in which guns could be used to defend fortifications was not to defend the walls from destruction by cannon fire, but to let crossfire against enemy troops when the time came for them to attempt to storm the castle, a function which crossbows were able to perform, but were of inferior effectiveness and more expensive than handguns.This use of defensive firearms caused changes in the way in which attackersapproached sieges. Guns being fired into the besiegers camp necessitated the greater use of cover, in particular for the bombards which were placed nearest to the castle walls for much of the siege. To this end, trenches were take and wooden shields or hoardings were constructed to protect the soldiers and their guns. Trenches provided some degree of effective protection against most weapons, while the hoardings gave protection to the guns, which usually had to be posi tioned in more exposed locations in order that they could target the walls before them, against everything but powerful firearms.Jean de Bueil could advocate the siting of a besiegers camp before a beleaguered fortress on the model of the fortified entrenchments dug at Maulon, Guissen, Cherbourg, Dax, and Castillon fifteen years before. Trenches, he wrote, were to be dug from one part of the siege to another, covered by hoardings. Ease of contact and movement between the units of the encircling forces could thus be ensured. Further success could be gained by the besieging forces by employing not only large bombards to break down the walls, but also smaller guns to pick off individual defending troops. This would not only prevent defensive gunners from having the highlife of completely free shots at their enemies, but would limit the effectiveness of attempts to repair breaches in the walls.The use of guns in both attack and defence produced perhaps the biggest changes in siege warf are in the form of changes to the fortifications themselves. The castles which existed before the widespread use of cannons were ill-suited to withstand the accurate and powerful impact of cannonballs. Trebuchts had been of more use in lobbing stones over the walls to cause damage inside castles than in actually causing breaches, and so the walls were built tall and flat so as to be better able to resist being scaled by soldiers. Such walls provided a large target for cannon fire, and their flatness meant that the full force of the shot was directed foul-to-back into them.Rather than rebuild entire castles, lords were often forced through reasons of cost to opt for the next-best solution of adaptation. Scarping the walls with banks of earth or masonry was tried in an attempt both to thicken the walls, and to turn the blows of cannons into more glancing shots, with the added bonus that sloping walls meant that siege ladders became ineffective. While it was a sound theory to avoidsq uare-on impacts from cannonballs, scarping was of limited value, and where this was an adaptation to an older castle, in many cases it weakened the walls by placing extra weight on them.Gunports were a further adaptation to fortifications which occurred as a result of the introduction of guns. These were holes rank in the walls of the castles, often where arrow slits had been, to allow small guns to be fired from a position of relative safety. They were frequently positioned in the towers or gatehouses of castles to provide flanking fire along the walls where it was anticipated any attacking soldiers would have to stop before being able to push on into the castle. This modification was quite cheap and easy to put in place, and was used across Europe.One method of improving the efficacy of defensive fire both against attacking troops and forces sitting back and besieging was the greater use of defensive outworks built of earth or masonry. Not only could this forward defensive strate gy force enemy guns further back from the castle proper, but it also provided a further opportunity to enfilade soldiers as they advanced. Boulevards or artillery towers could be built in ditches forward of the walls with a clear line of fire along the trench. As the enemy soldiers advanced, they would have to spend time negotiating the ditch during which the fire from the outworks could take its toll. At Dax, Guissen and Cadillac, in 1449 and 1451, the French encountered heavy resistance from such outer works constructed by the defenders.The ultimate defence against besiegers armed with guns, though, was the fortification based on the moved bastion. It was this defence which was coming increasingly into use by 1500 which decisively swung the balance of power back in favour of the defenders. The bastion was essentially a gun platform for siting heavy guns which needed the freedom to be turned and fired against the enemy camp wherever it was in relation to the castle, a freedom whic h could not be obtained firing through gunports. These towers were thrust forward of the walls to keep the enemy back and were built the same height as the rest of the castle (unlike traditional towers), perhaps to assist the movement of guns around the walls, or perhaps because ofthe high cost of taller towers.The entire structure was squat, making it a smaller target and allowing the guns at the top of the walls to maintain fire at targets close to the foot of the fortification, and scarped to produce more glancing blows from cannonballs. This last objective was also achieved by projecting the bastions at a different angle to the rest of the wall, so that in effect only the wall would receive square-on blows. It could be said that round castles and round towers would present no flat surfaces to be hit squarely, but to build such fortifications would make flanking fire along the walls at best difficult. Round bastions were built, but left dead ground where guns could not reach, wh ile entire castles built on a circular model would need many projecting towers to provide fire along the walls. With the angled bastion, fire could be given along the entire base of the tower from guns positioned in the walls, while fire along the walls could be provided from gunports in alcoves in the bastion.It seemed for a while that the destructive power of cannons would lead to a decisive shift towards the attackers in siege warfare which would perhaps bring an end to the dominant role of fortifications in warfare. However, defensive tactics adapted to the situation in a number of ways, ensuring the survival of the castle and the siege. It can be said, though, that although the nature of warfare overall was not changed, the nature of sieges changed significantly as a result of the use by both attackers and defenders of gunpowder weapons, and because a new type of castle had been born. If guns provided a maverick revolution in the balance of sieges, then the bastion was equally as revolutionary in restoring the old balance. By resisting the new artillery and providing platforms for heavy guns the bastion revolutionised the defensive-offensive rule of warfare.While cannons produced many changes in the conduct of sieges, changes of similar magnitude cannot be seen in open field warfare. Cannons, lacking effective carriages to allow them to keep grounds with their armies and to manoeuvre on the battlefield, were little used until the late fifteenth century. Handguns, despite coming to be as accepted a weapon as the crossbow, failed to produce any noteworthy changes. Possessing greater hitting power than the crossbow, but similar weaknesses, including slow rateof fire, they were unable to establish themselves as anything more than an auxiliary weapon. While the Swiss were to use handguns in their successful pike square formations, their role could be (and often was) performed equally well by crossbowmen, and European armies continued to be based on knightly cavalry and close-combat infantry. The handgun of the fifteenth century was simply another auxiliary shot weapon, and, The arquebus, or match-lock musket, did not finally cast away the crossbow from French armies until 1567.Nonetheless, the importance of guns increased during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries until they became an essential part of major wars. One of the results of this was to make war a much more large-scale thing in terms of money, and to put stern warfare (involving conquest and therefore sieges) out of reach of the pockets of anybody but princes. Artillery was very expensive. It was one thing, in accordance with ancient ways, to expect a man at arms to come to the host equipped with his own horses and armour, but no one, in the new conditions of war, expected a master of artillery to provide his own cannon. On a national level, the introduction of guns further widened the gap in military authority between rich and poor countries, underlining the superior ity of countries like France over countries like the Italian states.It can be asked to what extent gunpowder weapons revolutionised notions of chivalry and whether the attitudes of people altered as a result of their experiences of the new guns. There is a good deal of late mediaeval literature which shows that many people despised them. They were an indiscriminating weapon which had no respect for social status, meaning that princes could now be killed from afar by peasants and artisans. This went against the traditional chivalric notion of individual combat among equals. Guns were also seen as cowardly, because of the belief that the gunner, hiding behind the smoke from his gun, did not put himself in mortal danger by firing, yet could still take the lives of others. many an(prenominal) saw guns as being instruments of the devil, with the noise and fire created being seen as having come from Hell itself.A popular attitude during the early days of guns in Europe is shown by Cerva ntes when he wrote, blessed be those happyages that were strangers to the dreadful fury of these devilish instruments of artillery, whose inventor I am satisfied is now in Hell, receiving the reward of his cursed invention, which is cause that very often a cowardly base hand takes away the life of the bravest gentleman and that in the midst of that pizzazz and resolution which animates and inflames the bold, a chance bullet (shot perhaps by one who fled, and was frightened by the very flash the mischievous piece gave, when it went off) coming nonentity knows how, or from where, in a moment puts a period to the brave designs and the life of one that deserved to have survived many yearsIt is unlikely, however, that this attitude was held by the majority of people at the time. Shot weapons were nothing new, and had been in existence and used on a large scale for many years. There was little difference between a knight being killed by an arquebus or by a longbow. The large-scale use o f guns by most European armies demonstrates that while there might have been some degree of chauvinism against firearms, princes were still quite prepared to use them, and indeed the church positively back up their use at a time when the Turkish threat to Christendom was increasing. There is little evidence that captured gunners were treated any differently to any other captured commoners (and by 1500 it was by no means guaranteed that gunners would not in fact be noble), and overall, society had little difficulty in accepting the place of artillery in modern warfare.Guns were domesticated and given names, taking on characters of their own, and, By the end of the fifteenth century and the beginning of the early modern era, gunpowder weaponry had simply become a feature of everyday life. Guns had become so conventional that they began to be used in celebrations, in fashion, and in crime. Ultimately, guns even became virility symbols. This growing acceptance represents in part a chan ge in attitudes brought about by the realisation that guns were of considerable use, but mainly it is a result of the sooner superficial nature of chivalry at that time. There was a tendency for people only to behave according to the rules of chivalry when either it suited them to or when they could afford to. Princes, when faced with an adversary armed with artillery could not afford to confine themselves to criticising such bad sportsmanship but had to respond in kind, an option which they were more than willing to take.In assessing whether gunpowders introduction caused revolutionary changes in Europe before 1500, it is necessary not only to examine the specific changes which arose, but moreover to assess whether warfare in 1300 had significantly changed in character by 1500 as a result of the use of guns. The answer to this has to be a definite no. The armies of 1500 made extensive use of guns, but these had not revolutionised the makeup of armed forces. The dominance of cavalry had persisted throughout the two centuries, and its only serious challenge had come in the late fifteenth century with the pike square, which by no means relied on guns. While the use of cannons had transformed the methods used in conducting sieges, only temporarily had there been the prospect of altering the nature of war away from the innumerable fortress battles which characterised the period. Gunpowder weapons had failed to bring an end to the siege as an important aspect of war, and could only act as a supplementary weapon on the battlefield. Overall, despite the numerous changes which the increasing use of guns had caused, it is possible to agree with J. R. Hales assertion Gunpowder, in short, revolutionised the conduct but not the outcome of wars.

One Year in a Life of Crime Essay

There are m any(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) contributing factors that seat lead to living a life of crime, totally unaware of how self-satisfying actions nooky negatively fork out-to doe with the people roughly you. The verbalize HBOs America Underc e preciseplace One Year in a Life of Crime, is a perfect eccentric of how thither can be many factors that will lead you d let a path of self destruction. But in the end it is the relationships we have with our parents, family and takeoff rockets that in the end shape the type of person we are and affect the decisions that we make.A contributing factor is something that is partly responsible for a development or something that lead to the piddle of something else. If we can identify the contributing factors to an undesirable situation that we may be in, then we can learn to avoid them in the future. Or we can heretofore learn from other peoples mistakes. The show One Year in a Life of Crime could be very beneficial for a younger audience to identify contributing factors that lead you d own the wrong path in life. Maybe if the thieves in the show could have viewed something like this at an earlier time in their life, things might have turned out different for them.Rationalizing and wishful thinking is a contributing factor that prevents the thieves from thinking realistically about their future. Rationalization, also known as making excuses, is a way to devise self-satisfying but incorrect reasons for wizs behavior. To not verify verity for what is it. We all do this from time to time but the individuals in the show seem to rationalizing everything as a way to skilfulify the bad choices they have made. glom rationalizes his stealing in the scene where we meet his pay off for the first time. Robs start out Ed works all week long and sightly now brings home $80, which Rob describes as peanuts. To survive, you have to make extra bills, is one way Rob justifies his stealing. In his mind, if he didnt steal, his family couldnt survive. In many scenes we hear Rob wishing for this and wishing for that.I wish for a big business so I can make a billion dollars and if unless I could get some money together to buy hot dog truck. Rob is unwilling to work hard to achieve any of his goals. Fred, who is Robs mentor in regards to shoplifting, is even worse when it comes to rationalizing hes behavior. He cant believe his old lady odd with their runty girl after he promised to stop acquire high but then couldnt follow by means of with his promise. He tells an old friend he wants to stop doing drugs and stealing but its just too much for him to handle now that his old lady has left him. Rationalizing helps them justify their own lazy attitude towards hard work and making an honest living.The prevailing attitude towards stealing instead of working is another contributing factor that keeps the thieves from getting ahead in life. Easy money for little effort, such as shop-lifting, can be very attractive to some people and they will contract this life style. But the way life works is the more you put into something the more you will get out. If youre willing to work hard and not give up, there is a good chance you will be successful in whatever you choose to do. When we look at Rob we can see he is always looking for easy money.Rob cant believe his father works for such little money when there are other ways to make a living. He thinks his father is foolish. When Rob was working for a neighborhood mechanic he had saved over a thousand dollars but thought the job wasnt paying enough. In his mind, the amount of time and work he needed to put-in, didnt get even the pay he was receiving. Stealing is easier and doesnt require a full days work. Its hard to say no to easy money when there is only a small chance of getting caught and if you do get caught, then the punishment is light or non-existent.When a city does not have the resources to deal with a large volume o f crime, the justice system can seem like a revolving door for the criminals. If the smaller criminals have to be overlooked because the system is swamped with major crimes, then the threat of jail time for shoplifting looses its power. Time after time we see both Fred do little jail time for his crimes. The first time me meet Fred, hes accidentally been released from jail after only doing 60 days of a one year sentence. Hes been out of jail for one day and hes already back to shoplifting. Four months later Fred is arrested for Grand stealing and Vehicular Homicide.He uses an alias along with a phony I.D. to hide his extensive criminal record and ends up out of jail in just three weeks after plea-bargaining down to minor charges as a first offender. Fred was responsible for the death of someone and because of an overwhelmed justice system he is effectuate free. After you get away with something like this how much of a deterrent is the law when it comes to shoplifting? Not much to Fred because just three months later hes arrested for stealing silverware and end up in jail for six months. Of course each time we see the thieves stealing they are always with a friend, an accomplice, someone who thinks and acts the same way they do.Enabling is a larger contributing factor as to why our thieves live the life that they do. An enabler is a person who, through their actions, allows someone else to behave in a destructive way. Enabling/reinforcing negative behavior by lying, ignoring or covering up for someone not only allows negative behavior to continue but also slows down the process of learning to be responsible for the consequences of their actions. The most common example in the show is the relationship the thieves have with each other. Rob is mentored by Fred in the ways of shoplifting and along with their friend microphone, reinforces their life style as being just and the only way they can survive in the world. Robs wife Angela is the perfect example of an en abler. Throughout the year that the show takes place we see Angela enabling Rob to continuing stealing.All she wants is for Rob to marry her and if stealing is the only way for Rob to make money, then she will support whatever decisions he makes. At the end of the show we see Rob has become a drug addict and Angela is still with him even though she hates what Rob is doing to himself. She would sooner say nothing then confront him. Its a lot less work being an enabler then it is confronting Rob and trying to help him. Mikes mother is another example of how enabling has a negative impact on learning to be responsible for ones own actions. She bails Mike out of jail and losses the bail money because her son takes off. Im guess here, but I would bet she knows where he is privacy out and her only reaction is to be indifferent to Mike decision which just cost her $750. The relationships we have with our friends and family play a strong role on how we think and the decision we make.The mo st important contributing factor as to why the thieves are in their situation has to do with how they were raised. The values they were taught and relationship they have with their parents. We can see Rob is in a pattern of self-destructive behavior and one of the biggest influences is his father. From the show we find out that Robs father is an alcoholic, would hit him and also throw out Robs toys. Rob even describes a scene where his father rips apart one of his favorite toys, a stuffed bunny rabbit. Here we can see why Rob might think it is ok steal. He learned from his father that if you are strong or smart enough to impose your will on someone then it is ok to take what you want. In Robs eyes this is how the world works. This is what his father did to him so he is repeating the same behavior when he shop-lifts. We can only guess at the relationship Fred has with his parents but we know that one of his uncles was a drug addict and Fred witness his uncle taking drugs. Its a good possibility Freds family didnt discourage drug use or make grow him in regards to the negative impact drugs will have on your life.From the time we are born we start to soak in our environment. We start to learn from everything around us. How we act socially mainly comes from the observations and interactions we have with our parents. We learn how to speak, how to ask for things and how to interact with others. When we are children the most important relationship we will have is with our parents and this can greatly affect our adolescences and adulthood. Our role models in life can help shape who we will become. If we see from our parents that hard work and following the rules doesnt get you very far then we might have an attitude that working hard isnt the way to go. Without good role models the odd are stacked against us and some individuals will take the easy road of a thieves life style. We can change our behavior later in life but it can be a difficult process and most people are not even aware that a change is needed.

Nelson Mandela’s Values Essay

It will be hard to believe if a person says A man who served twenty seven old age in prison, turned out to be one of the greatest presidents our world has seen. Well this did actually happen and this causality president is still living today. Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in Transkei, South Africa, he was a loss leader of the anti-apartheid movement in the 1940s. Mandela was jailed for 27 years for acts of sabotage against the South African state, and shortly after his release from prison he led a multi-racial party for the first time ever in South Africas history. By doing this he was elected as the first black/democratic president of South Africa. Throughout his years as a president he has been widely regarded as a symbol of global reposemaking, and he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. His birthday, July 18, has been declared Mandela Day a global celebration of his legacy. Mandela reached this conquest and earned the title of a world renowned leader with his values in leadership, standing up for what he believed in, that is in democratic process and his strong disapproval of injustice.Nelson Mandela valued leadership since his early days, considered by many as a revolutionary leader he helped make the fight against racism and apartheid in South Africa. (Brink). Mandela witnessed leadership at a young age when observing his protector supervising tribal decision-making gatherings. Mandelas guardian listened in silence for days, never voicing his opinion even after everyones opinion was heard. After everyone had spoken, his guardian guided the group to reach a consensus. Later, Mandela used this experience to mold his leadership style (Stengel). According to Stengel, Mandela recalled the following lesson regarding leadership from when he was a young cattle herder When you want to make up a herd to move in a certain direction, he said, you stand at the back with a stick. Then a few of the more energetic cattle move to the front and the rest o f the cattle follow. You are really guiding them from behind. He paused before saying with a smile, That is how a leader should do his work. Furthermore, Mandelas strong value for leadership began with him displaying his ability to organize and lead others by helping to create the Youth League of African National Congress (ANCYL) which organized protests, boycotts, petitions, and strikes to end apartheid.Previously the African Nation Congress (ACN), ANCYLs parent organization, had petitioned the government for years forequality with little success. However, with increase success of the movement, the government increased violence toward nonviolent protesters and banned the ANC. Mandela and other leaders in the movement had to decide how to respond. In a risky decision, they reason that nonviolence would no longer be effective and that the ANC needed to continue underground. These actions resulted in the imprisonment of Mandela and many ANC leaders, but this action helped to inspire o thers and to prepare the region for change (Nelson Mandela, African National Congress (ANC), and South Africa.).After more than twenty years in prison, Mandela decided it was time to take matters into his own hands. He agnise that, as a leader, it was time to take a drastic step, and he met with the South African president in order to discuss his release and his believe to switch the nation to a democracy.Mandela was successful, and upon his release he was elected the first democratic leader of South Africa (Brink). Mandela always stood up for what he believed in he was never fazed by an opponent. Mandelas value of believing in the democratic process is an example. Even though many did not always grant with this idea, he believed it was the right way forward (Johnson). He was at first unsuccessful with his pursuits, this included the time when he tried during his imprisonment to have prisoners to be addressed more respectfully by guards, and also later when he attempted to have the national voting age lowered to 14 (Stengel). simply slowly he established his foundation of democracy and people were finally drawn to it (Stengel). Throughout his battle against apartheid and helping to bring democracy to South Africa, Mandela adoptive a democratic leadership style (Johnson).And according to Johnson Democratic leaders set policies through group discussion and decision, encouraging and helping group members to interact, requesting the cooperation of others and this was incisively what Mandela did (Johnson).Mandelas other key value that support his leadership and democratic style was his strong disapproval for injustice. Mandela never tolerated injustice he believed that justice was the that path to success. For instance, when Mandela got to Robin Island where he was to be imprisoned, he was told to jog to the prison gate. He firmly refused and started a hunger strike with other inmates to condemn the shape they were living in. This worked out in their favor and the conditions improved (Hume).This example highlights Mandelas value for denouncing injustice andoppression. Nonetheless, Mandela believed Consensus to be the superior decision making process to manakin commitment and motivation in group members toward group objectives. Using Consensus meant that justice would be served at its best when making a decision and Mandela fully supported this process (Johnson). Ultimately, Nelson Mandela is viewed as a revolutionary leader for his ability to empower and motivate others using his strong regard for consensus and the democratic process. His stance for promoting justice and peace has been hailed across the world. He led South Africa from a white supremacist country to being the first democratic nation in Africa. With these values Nelson Mandela reached the ultimate success in the eyes of everyone.Work citedBrink, Andre. Nelson Mandela. Time. Time, 13 Apr. 1998. Web. 25 Nov. 2012.. Hume, Tim. Digital Mandela Archive Spreads Message of So cial Justice. CNN. Cable News Network, 28 Mar. 2008. Web. 24 Nov. 2012. l. Johnson, Caleb. A drawing cards Nest New York Times New York 1993 Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. . Nelson Mandela, African National Congress (ANC), and South Africa. Cold war Museum. The Cold War Museum, 17 May 2009. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. . Stengel, Richard. Mandela His 8 Lessons of Leadership. Time. Time, 09 July 2008. Web. 24Nov. 2012. .

In the Face of Betrayal, Lewis Discovers Loyalty Cosi Essay

The chance Cosi, written by Louis Nowra, is set in 1971 amidst the chaos of the Vietnam War. Australias elaborateness in the war was a topic of great controversy, and being the first televised war, reality was brought crashing into the lounge rooms of Australians. The horrific images dis finded in peoples homes sparked choler from those involved in the fight against communism and conscription. The homage of Australians was heavily tested during these times, with society divided in their support of anti-communism. Nowra exposes the interview to the harsh treatment of those support in noetic institutions during these times a result of societys predisposition to neglect those labelled unsound in the 70s. finished the play he encourages the audience to ignore these perceptions and recognise the mentally ill as equals instead of undermining them. Furthermore, Nowra highlights societys conflicting attitudes towards love and fidelity. When compared to the barbarism of the war, faith fulness was oftentimes viewed as irrelevant. However contending this idea, Nowra expresses the need for loyalty and taking care of one another, even when confronted with patently more important matters. Through the journey of the protagonist of the play, Lewis, the audience learns that even in the face of deep betrayal, loyalty can be found. Although Lewis initially explains that he is cyphering the play due to his lack of money, it is explicit that Cosi lover Tutte becomes more than just a quick way to earn cash.In the beginning of Cosi, Lewis expresses his reason for directing the play by stating I need the money, Lucy. He is confronted and uncomfortable when first meeting the patients under such foreign circumstances, overwhelmed by the idea of having to deal with these mad people. Nowra embodies societys negative attitude towards those with mental illnesses, where anyone classed as insane were removed from society and bemuse into the confinement of institutions. Instead of dealing with these people in a humane fashion, it was accepted that ECT treatment, drugs and surgical process prevented them from creating a hassle.Lewiss doubt and concerns about working with the patients are encouraged when he cant convince them to perform The Exception and the Rule. Instead, the antagonist of the play Roy, is determined to perform Cosi sports fan Tutte, a Mozart play about fidelity and love. Lewis is not keen on the play and what it represents, his view on love evident when he states Love is not so important nowadays. Through Lewis, Nowra highlights the similar opinions of so many people during these times.In the face of war and politics, with horrific televised images thrust into peoples homes, fidelity was rated an irrelevant concept. This was the view held by Lewis and even more so his girlfriend Lucy, who states After bread.comes maybe love. However the audience soon experiences a change in Lewiss mindset towards not only the patients, but the importance o f love and loyalty. He finds himself relating to the patients more and more, building relationships and judge their quirks and issues.When Lewiss close friend snick confronts over his absence at the moratorium, stating You said you were going to help out, Lewis explains that Cosi Fan Tutte is more important, This comes first. It is clear that Nick does not support Lewis in the play or share his view of the patients Only mad people..funny farm. Again, Nicks comment only besides exposes Lewiss opinion, when he replies with Nick, theyll hear you. Lewiss comments exemplify his unwavering loyalty towards the patients and likewise, Nowra promotes the audience to recognise the importance of loyalty and support.Lewiss changed perception of love is shown when he contends Lucy, telling her the Cosi Fan Tutte is about important things, like love and fidelity. This proves his changed attitude towards love, which he originally placed little value on. Nowra influences the audience to be commi t to the idea of fidelity and see the values within it. He contends societys views in the 70s and encourages the audience not to neglect and shame the mentally ill, but see and treat them as equals.In the face of betrayal, Lewis experiences unswerving loyalty from a conservative Henry. Henry, a depressed and quiet man, is seemingly reserved. However it is clear when he learns that Nick gives money to North Vietnam for supplies, that Henry is unbendablely opinionated and willing to place upright for his beliefs, My ffffather fought..you are traitors. Henrys loyalty to his father, who was a soldier, is deep seated and deeply held. His attack against Nick and Lewis proves that despite being crazy, he has the ability to stand up for what matters to him. Nowra demonstrates that everyone deserves the right to stand for their values.Henrys loyalty is again demonstrated when Lewis learns that his girlfriend Lucy is sleeping with Nick. Lucy explains I have sex with him and sleep with you, highlighting her belief in easy love. On the contrary it is clear that, Lewis wants Lucy to be faithful, Its over. Im shifting out of the house. When Lewis confronts Nick over the matter, he repeats Lucys explanation No, shes sleeping..having sex. It is here that Henry shows his support and loyalty to Lewis, offering to beat up Nick, Do you want mestand up? Henrys viewing of loyalty highlights the relationship he has formed with Lewis. Nowra exhibits that we should not take advantage of our relationships with others, and value the loyalty and commitment that they offer us.Also, one can harmonize strong political values whilst also displaying empathy and loyalty. Despite Roy constantly undermining and insulting Lewis, when he suffers from stage fright Lewis provides him with encouragement and reassurance. Roy is extremely passionate about the performance of Cosi Fan Tutte, displaying enthusiasm from the beginning when he alerts the cast to his plans, Ive already chosen what were doing. Cosi Fan Tutte. Despite complaints about his choice and the difficulties it will create, Roy is utterly undeterred by any issue the Italian opera presents. His desire for the play to be performed the way he imagines it results in constant attacks regarding Lewiss direction, Couldnt direct a nymphomaniac to a stag night.Despite Roys passion, when it comes to the final performance he struggles with stage fright, telling Lewis I cant do it. Putting aside the abuse and insults from Roy, Lewis only offers him encouragement and support, replying with Yes, you can, and, Ill whisper the lines to you. Lewis understands how much the play means to Roy, and furthermore, it is clear that Lewis wants Roy to have the opportunity to succeed in his performance, I want you to be noticed all the time.Nowra suggest the idea that not only Roy needs to be noticed, but all those who have been locked remote from society. That the mentally ill should no longer be ignored, but seen as equals with th e rest of the world. Through evidence of the loyalty Lewis develops towards the patients, Nowra demonstrates that despite whether somebody is classed as insane or not, strong relationships and trust can be built. Overall, Cosi demonstrates in numerous situations that whilst facing betrayal, one can also experience true loyalty and friendship. This is evident through Lewiss support of Roy, and when Henry stands up for Lewis.Furthermore, Nowra highlights the cruel and degrading treatment towards mentally ill people during the 70s, and promotes the audience to reconsider these views. Through Lewiss acceptance of the patients and the relationships he builds with them, he influences us to alter our negative perceptions. Additionally, Nowra promotes the idea of fidelity and trust. Despite the reality of the televised war leading people to hold more important values, Nowra encourages not to forget the importance of loyalty and love. On the whole, Cosi portrays what Nowra depicts to be impo rtant values loyalty, trust, acceptance and empathy.

The Placement Of Fibre Post Health And Social Care Essay

The arrangement of fibre station is a good plectron for finalize treated teething non merely because it persuasivenessens the tooth but because it helps us to construct a probationary or unequivocal Restoration. The fibre stations potty be a stuff of pick where aesthetic is the demand. They have high tensile strength and a modulus of snap similar to that of dentine. The fiber station is a inactive station which does non actively operate with dentine, hence adhesives and rub cements argon required to repair fibre stations in topographic point. However, adhesion of fibre stations depends on assorted factors including the features of root dentine, type of rosin cement, type of visible(a) radiation, strength of visible radiation and the continuance of visible radiation. In an effort to get the better of these jobs, dual-cure rosin cements and adhesives be the stuffs of pick for adhering fibre stations with root dentine. However, few of the double remedy rosin cements still depe nd on visible radiation for their activation. To let the visible radiation to perforate in the internal facet of the root, ice rink fiber stations and quartz fiber stations be used as they allow for the transmittal of visible radiation to the deepness of the root canal therefore leting the rosin cements to polymerise deep in the canal. Several surveies have been performed to measure the distinguish of polymerisation or transition values of rosin cements but most of these surveies used the microhardness mental test instead than the more dependable Fourier transform infrared trial ( FTIR ) . Furthermore, most of these surveies were non performed in the root canals.The success of endodontic intervention non merely depends on the quality of intervention but besides on the quality of prosthetic device being rigid to reconstruct the losing tooth construction. The structural detriment of the tooth callable to trauma, carries or both makes the tooth more prone to set out. Therefor e, station is placed in a prepared root canal infinite of a tooth with heavy structural loss to counterbalance for the loss of tooth construction. Some writers and clinicians suggest that the station provides strength to the tooth, small-arm others suggest that the station makes the tooth weak overdue to the readying of the station infinite. However, many surveies support that the station should be placed in a tooth with heavy loss so that it can supply keeping for meantime or concluding coronal Restoration. Ideally, the station should hold the undermentioned belongingssBy and large, a station is placed into a tooth to retain a nucleus. A tooth which is to a great extent broken down frequently requires a station as the bing tooth construction is substandard and weak to retain the coronal Restoration. However, the readying of station infinite causes unneeded tooth devastation which may take to tooth luckiness. Therefore, the arrangement of station should be considered where othe r options are non convenient.The determination to utilize a station depends on the staying tooth construction, place of the tooth in the dental arch and the functional demand of the tooth. A categorization described by Peroz in 2005 was formulated to measure the sum of staying tooth construction.Tooth with 1 axial wall missing is referred as category II normally known as Mesio-Occlusal or Disto-Occlusal pit, while tooth with 2 losing axial walls is described as category III normally known as Mesio-Ocluso-Distal ( MOD ) . If the staying axial walls in category II and III are greater than 1 millimeters so a station is non normally indicated as there is sufficient coronal construction nowadays to back off up the Restoration. A survey performed by Steele and Johnson in 1999 showed appendix in fracture resistivity of category II and category III when they were restored with multiform and amalgam merely. anatomy IV is described as a tooth holding merely 1 axial wall left. There is no addition in break opposition when a Restoration is placed. Therefore, arrangement of station is normally suggested in such scenarios. However, esthetically, non-metallic stations are preferred for anterior dentitions while for posterior dentitions every metallic or non-metallic station can be inserted.A tooth which has no staying axial wall or a tooth which is wholly decoronated is described as Class V. The interpolation of station becomes necessary in such instances as there is non adequate tooth construction which can back up the coronal Restoration. Furthermore, the collet plays an of bit function in defying break in such type of instances. Ferrule is defined as a set of metal that wholly encircles 1-2 millimeter of in effect(p) tooth construction which resist longitudinal break. In 2001, Bolhuis stated that the crown collet is more of import than the station and nucleus.Metallic stations are stong and stiff, normally make of unstained steel, nickel Cr metals, Ti, Ti metals o r gold plated brass.Stainless steel has a long history of use but it can do nickel sensitiveness in females due to the presence of Ni. Furthermore, Stainless steel can eat over clip. Therefore, Ti stations were introduced to get the better of corrosion. However, Ti and Ti metals have woeful compressive and flexural strength as compared to stainless steel, therefore they can non be used in thin roots. In add-on, Ti station may be hard to observe on radiogram due to similar denseness as that of gutta-percha and sealant.6.1.2. Non-Metallic PostsHistorically, during the old ages 1603 1867, Nipponese restored dentitions with wooden station and nucleus. However, due to hapless strength and break of wooden station, cast metal stations were introduce. In 1988, Duret came with the thought of non-metallic station and was deployed in Europe in the 1990s. Fibre stations can be smooth or serrated depending on their surface features.6.1.2.1. Carbon fibre stationCarbon fiber stations are besides called C fiber-reinforced epoxy rosin stations. They consist of epoxy rosin which is reinforced with unidirectional C fibers parallel to the perpendicular axis of the station. The C fibers are made by the remotion of H, N and O from polyacrylonitrile by heating at 250C in air, followed by heating at 1200C in inert ambiance. The diameter of each fiber is 7-10m, while harmonizing to weight, the fibers distinguish upto 64 % of the entire weight of the station. Originally, C fiber stations were black in colour, but due to esthetic consciousness they are available in white colour besides. Furthermore, these stations were originally radiolucent but now they are available as radiopaque besides. Main advantage of C fiber station is the ability to successfully bond to dentine and modulus of snap similar to dentine i.e between 1- 4-106 pounds per square inch. Many Studies have shown increased strength of C fiber stations, while other surveies suggest their strength is less when compared wit h metal stations. Furthermore, few surveies have shown that C fiber station increase the fracture opposition of tooth, while other surveies report the opposite. In 2007, Ferrari inform 7.2 % of clinical failure rate of C fiber stations after 7-11 old ages. Failures were largely due to root break, crown debonding, periapical infection and periodontal disease. However, different surveies show different failure rates.6.1.2.2. Glass Fibre PostDue to dark colour of C fiber station, glass fiber stations were introduced. These stations are besides called fiber-reinforced epoxy rosin stations and are made up of glass or silicon oxide. variant types of glass can be use to do glass fiber station including vitreous silica fiber, electrical glass or high strength glass. However, the strength of the station depends on higher content of glass fibers. In a clinical survey, Ferrari ( 2000 ) placed 249 glass fiber station and observed 4.4 % failure rate over a period of 6 old ages. Another survey performed by Cagidiaco in 2007 showed 7.4 % failure after 2 old ages. Furthermore, Naumann ( 2007 ) placed 41 glass fiber station and found no failure during 3 old ages. Most common failure were relaxation of the stations, periapical infection, tooth break, debonding of Crown and break of stations.6.1.2.3. Zirconia stationIn 1995, mayenberg introduced zirconia station with a flexural strength of 900-1200 MPa. Zirconia stations have high break stamina, high strength and corrosion opposition and are made up of tetragonal polycrystalline zirconium oxide with 3 % mol Y oxide ( Y2O3 ) called Yttrium-stabilized tetragonal polycrystalline zirconium oxide ( Y-TPZ ) . Y-TPZ is 0.5m in diameter, supplying eloquence and stamina to the joggle. However, due to smooth surface, the station does non organize a good bond with composite rosin and all ceramic Crowns. Furthermore, there was no addition in bond strength even after the station was acid etched or salanized. Matinlinna ( 2004 ) stated th at bond strength between station and composite rosin can be increased by tribochemical silicon oxide coating. The chief drawback of zirconium oxide station is that it can non be retrieved as it can non be grinded and supersonic remotion consequences in temperature rise. In 2004, Paul evaluated 145 zirconium oxide stations over a period of 9 old ages and reported no clinical failure when a direct composite Restoration with zirconium oxide station was placed, while there was 9 % failure in joggles with glass-ceramic nucleus Restorations. All failures were due to post debonding.6.2. custom Cast PostThe most normally used stuff for usage station is cast gilded metal holding a same thermic enlargement and modulus of snap ( 14.5-106 ) to enamel. Furthermore, it is strong plenty to bear occlusal forces. However, arrangement of usage dramatis personae station require multiple visits and due to metal demoing from ceramic Restoration, the aesthetics are compromised. Silver-palladium metal s and high Pd content metals are besides used for usage dramatis personae station but they have inferior mechanical belongingss when compared with gold metals. Custom cast stations may be indicated when misaligned teeth require stations, inability to present antirotational characteristics in dentitions with less coronal construction or multiple dentitions necessitating stations.In 1989, Bergman reported 91 % success rate of usage dramatis personae station after 6 old ages.

School District

The Roosevelt train District in Maricopa County has at least 21 public schools under its direct system and around fifty private and public middle and high schools all located around the dominion. Private and Catholic schools however, be not administered by the territory in the sense that they be autonomous in terms of management, implementing policy guidelines, instructional materials, and salary compensation for teachers.The Roosevelt Elementary School District in Maricopa County is considered outsized in size with its total number of students attending with 11, 902 and six hundred ninety-one certified teachers (Classroom Dollars and proposition 301 results). The districts student ratio per teacher since 2004 up to 2006 was at seventeen students per teachers. How is a teachers pay determined? Salaries of teachers in Arizona be based on the per-pupil amount of capital allocated to the district.Based on the comparative information, the average teacher-student ratio that recei ves a standardized salary of 42,500 is 17 students per one teacher (Classroom Dollars Proposition p. 61). That is, a teacher discourse seventeen students on a regular basis is qualified to receive standardized salary. The salary of a teacher is determined by the funding formulas of the produce and the municipalities where the school is located (College of Education Paper).The general implication of this system is that the bigger the number of the students the bigger budget allocation for the district, and the better income for the teacher, because correspond to the paper, the teachers salaries comes from the operations and attention budget (College Education paper p. 91). This budget comes from local taxes and from the state. The fund is transferred to the district which turn is responsible for local budgeting. How is salary structured?The district employed a standardized salary compensation for certified teachers based on their efficacy and competency. It means that teachers h ad to be certified that their course are aligned to the teaching profession. and more, the district implements doing based scheme for teachers wherein teachers are expected to yield positive results towards the district goal based on individual and school performance (Class room dollar and proposition). Since 2004, the Roosevelt Elementary School district offered an annual average salary of $42, 500.These compensation schemes are standardized based on performance, competency, and educational qualification as indicated by the five points performance evaluation standard employed by the district (Class room dollar proposition). These performance indicators according to the paper published by the College of Education of the University of Arizona entitled Who will Teach our Young Children includes the degrees of certifications, scores on professional knowledge test, and the years of give birth in teaching.All these form the structure of the standardized salary of the teachers at Roos evelt Elementary districts schools (Who will Teach our Young Children, p. 61). Are there incentives for teachers to earn more money and is this an utile pay system? The district offers an up to more than five thousand dollars incentives to all it employees including teachers, librarians and another(prenominal) staffs. The incentives were given in form additive salary benefits of the eligible employees (Class room dollar proposition).The paper published by the College of Education of the University of Arizona points out that the current incentives and benefits systems implemented by the district are given only to the most productive teachers and those teaching positions that requires special skills or expertise (College of Education Paper, p. 95). Although this performance-based incentives is defined by the state law or other policy and funded by the state, and can be earned yearly by anybody who had done exemplary performance (p. 1), it is quite apparent that these incentives and benefit system is an toothless system for teachers. The College paper published by the University of Arizona expressed pessimism that it this incentive system will soon prevent districts from fiving special incentives (p. 95) to deserving teachers. Thus, according to paper, researchers are looking at ways (p. 95) to lure more teachers. Why the incentive system is not effective? The benefit system is ineffective because there are no clear guidelines about the funding for teacher compensation.These affect the district budgeting because budget defends on per-pupil allocation. However, continues efforts to increase compensation, and benefits and incentives for teachers are a welcome agenda for teachers at Roosevelt Elementary School District. Does the teacher union have to say about the subject? Unfortunately, there is no teacher union at Roosevelt Elementary School District or in any other district in Maricopa, Arizona.This is one factor one why researchers are looking for more effec tive ways of providing teachers salaries, incentives and benefit system. The salaries of teachers are decided only by the school board (College of Education Paper, p. 92). While the teachers union can go forth bargaining for justifiable salaries, incentives and other fringe benefits, this does not happen at Roosevelt Elementary School District or to any other school district in Maricopa, Arizona, due to lack of teachers union.ReferenceClass Dollars and Proposition 301 Roosevelt Elementary School Districthttp//www.auditorgen.state.az.us/Reports/School_Districts/Districts/Roosevelt_ESD/2008/Roosevelt_ESD.pdfCollege of Education, The University of Arizona Who will teach our Children? http//www.aztownhall.org/pdf/92nd_Workbook_complete.pdf Oct.27-30, 2008.

Hill presents Edmund Hooper as a violent imposing figure, who shows no sympathy Essay

mound presents the character Edmund Hooper as a unsympathetic character. Hills uses the technique of bodacious language to present Edmund as unsympathetic character You were only tenants then, Edmund get aheads no effort to make his sentence whatever politer. The word only is chosen by Hill to try and degrade Kingshaws status and to picture him, inferior to Edmund. Hill continues to show that Edmund is an unsympathetic character When did he die?. The terminal of Kingshaws father is a personnel matter, and the usual person is likely to feel sympathetic towards Kingshaw. Hill purposefully gives the question asked by Edmund no expression, the ratifier has no idea how Edmund states the question. By non including any expression, the reader is given the impression that Edmund is ignorant to the death of Kingshaws father, he is instead focused on being an imposing figure.Edmund is portrayed as an imposing figure and his unsympathetic nature reinforces this view. Furthermore Edmunds actions portray him as a imposing figure Hooper looked at him coldly, the word coldly would suggests lack of perception and warmth. Edmunds lack of emotion frightens the readers. The reader develops an chassis of an emotionless child, Edmund shows no emotion towards his father both Hooper stood very still, turning the pencil round and round, the word still can be cerebrate to the lack of motion, Edmund is in one sense frozen, he emits no emotions, no warmth towards no one. Turning the pencil round and round could suggest that Edmund is like an endless loop, he is shown to have no personality and trying to make contact with Edmund is like going round and round, you do not end up anywhere different, you keep on going round in a circle.Finally, Edmund is shown to be violent He brocaded his fists and came at Kingshaw. Fists are can be associated with boxing- a violent sport. Edmund with his fists raised give the reader and image of a boy ready to fight. The word came suggests Edmun d can be compared to an prey more than a human, which suggests that Edmund is a very unusual human, he is more like an object, emotionless and violent.The violence is emphasised as Edmund has only just met Kingshaw, the mere fact Edmund attacks Kingshaw almost immediately after group meeting Kingshaw suggests Edmund does not try to understand Kingshaw, he just attacks Kingshaw to be seen as the superior person. Edmund shows no regret in hurting Kingshaw, Ill bash you again. The word bash is not associated with humans provided objects. It is unusual to say Ill bash you. Bash is a very violent word and the reader sees Edmund as intimidating and violent. The word again suggests that Edmund will willingly hurt someone, repeatedly. The repetetion of Edmunds violent nature tells gives the image of an imposing character.Hill tries to present Edmund as an imposing figure so that Edmunds character contrasts with Kingshaw. The reader sees Kingshaw as the victim and Edmund as the bully. Th e dispute between Kingshaw and Edmund is what engages the reader, and as the two characters have opposing personalities, conflict occurs a lot more frequently. The reader continues to read in anticipation that more conflict will occur, the conflict excites the reader and produces suspense.

Combination Therapy in Heart Failure

The ability of the warm aggregateedness to pump crosscurrent Is impaired and It can no long-range meet the bodys metabolic requirements Table 1 . New York Heart Association Classiflcation of Heart ill fortune. Remme W, Swedberg K. Guidelines for the diagnosis and intervention of chronic heart mishap. European Heart Journal. Online 2001 22(17) 1527-1 560. during the rest or exercisel. By treating HF we try to ease patients symptoms, Improve their quality of life, prevent hospitalization and most importantly prolong their life. The treatment Includes Improved provender (reduced salt intake), physical activity and pharmacological treatment.There are numerous angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), vasodilators, angiotensin-converting enzyme ( oneness) inhibitors Ramipril) and beta-blockers (Carvedilol). We will have a notion at the last two classes. They have been PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The previous hemodynamic model was not adequate and was therefore replaced by neurohormonal model, wh ich involves Reninangiotensin-aldosterone-system sympathetic nervous system 1 , (RAAS) 3 is summarized in Figure 1. The activation of RAAS leads to vasoconstriction, oedema and myocardial fibrosis, which are pelt alongd by Angiotensin Ill . roven to be very efficient in HF by numerous clinical studies2-4. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS HF involves many symptoms such as dyspnoea fatigue, and ankle oedema. l The signs of HF are achycardia (100 beats per minute), tachyarrhythmia, tachypnoea, distended Jugular murmur and S3 and S4 heart sounds. The Figure 1 . pathophysiology of heart failure and unalike levels of therapeutic intervention. Taken from Perrenoud J. Heart failure (Part 1). European Geriatric Medicine. Online 2011 2(3) 159-171. ccurrence of these symptoms and signs depends on One of the early neurohormonal changes in HF is the severity of heart failure and whether it is caused sympathetic activation and it has a primary percentage in vein, peripheral oedema, hepatomegaly, heart by s ystolic dysfunction or diastolic dysfunction . isease progression. left(p) ventricular remodeling, cell death and changes in gene expression are believed to be the main mechanisms that induce ejection fraction8-11. Because it is very potent, small myocardial doses of the tablet should be taken at the start of deterioration nervous stimulation 10. treatment (3. 125mg) twice daily.The dose is Heart failure can be categorise in predominantly gradually increased up to maximum of 50mg twice systolic dysfunction where the excreting of the left daily8. ventricle is not optimal and predominantly diastolic dysfunction where the filling of the left ventricle is molecular(a) targets ot optimall -6. As mentioned above, its major molecular targets are membrane receptors (?l, ?2 and 01). It acts on ion TREATMENT convey (Ca2+ and K+) as well. Carvedilol inhibits As mentioned above, the disease can be treated cardiac voltage-dependent potassium IKr convey using several different drug classes 4.Multidrug with high potency, voltage-dependent calcium therapy is widely used in patients with heart failure. channels as well as Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) family channels in Failure Zealand cardiomyocytes and in vascular smooth muscle Carvedilol Trial) have been conducted to test the ells. Furthermore, a study conducted by (Kikuta et benefits of different combinations of drugs. It was al. , 2006) suggests that the drug blocks ATP- proven that these therapies significantly reduce the sensitive (KATP) and G-protein-activated (KG) risk of mortality and improve the symptoms. otassium However, hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia. It is believed implementing multi drug therapy. ACE inhibitors that the KG channel is opened by G protein in can cause hypotension, cough, and worsen the renal response to stimulation of G-protein-coupled function. Cough can cause patient noncompliance, uscarinic acetylcholine receptors in atria and sino- which in turn whitethorn result in the need of different drug therapy. Beta-blockers can cause bradycardia, channel would result in anti-cholinergic effects in hypotension, fatigue and fluid retention.Also, in the heartl 2. Study patients there with Australian-New are risks diabetes, associated beta-blockers channels. This results in could Pharmacodynamics Carvedilol is a racemic mixture of R and S Carvedilol enantiomers. Both enantiomers show al receptor Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-blocker (?l and inhibition. However, still S enantiomer inhibits ? ?2) has drenoreceptors. It competitively blocks both ?l and vasodilatation and antioxidant effects. Previously it ?2 receptors. The drug reduces high blood pressure be mainly due to the al and ? blockage.The inhibition contraindicated in HF as it has proscribe ionotropic of al receptor lowers total peripheral vascular effect. However, studies have shown that carvedilol resistance. Hence, it reduces afterload and balances in combination with ACE inhibitors impro ves the controvert ionotropic effect the ? inhibition. As a function of the heart, especially left ventricular result, the stroke volume and cardiac output are al-blocker. elieved that Furthermore, carvedilol it should maintained or even increased. The systemic arterial The effects of carvedilol are summarized in figure pressure is lowered without reducing the renal 3. lood flow13-14. The antioxidant effects carvedilol and some of its metabolites are due to the bearing of carbazole moiety (shown in Figure 2). In myocardial cell membrane carvedilol inhibits lipid peroxidation. Moreover, endothelial, vascular and neuronic smooth muscle cells from reactive oxygen species. Metabolite SB209995 is much more potent antioxidant than carvedilol itself. Animal studies have shown (Feuerstein et l. , 1998) heart failure imbalances the production of reactive oxygen species and the oxidant defense mechanism. The consequence is an excess of free radicals.This may result in cytotoxic effects as well as cardiovascular remodelingl 3. Figure 3. Molecular targets, pharmacodynamics and clinical implications of carvedilol. Cheng J, Kamiya K, Kodama l. Carvedilol Molecular and Cellular Basis for its Multifaceted healthful Potential. cardiovascular Drug Revvtevs. coniine 2006 19(2) 152-71. Therapeutic cleverness Many different controlled clinical studies were made in order to determine the efficacy of carvedilol. The most cognise are COPERNICUS, CAPRICORN and USCHFS. They have all shown significant reduction in morbidity and mortality in comparison placebol 5-16.COMET investigating the difference between carvedilol and metoprolol efficacy. The study showed that the allcause mortality was lower with carvedilol (34%) Figure 2. chemical substance structure of carvedilol (with postulated active sites) and its active metabolites. * denotes the point of assymetry. Taken from Cheng J, Kamiya K, Kodama l. Carvedilol Molecular and Cellular Basis for its Multifaceted Therapeutic Potentia l. cardiovascular Drug Rewtevs. coniine 2006 19(2) 152-71. Carvedilol aids lipid metabolism as it prevents the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (beta-lipoprotein).It is known that LDL has destructive effects endothelial cells. Carvedilol also inhibits the Renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Hence, the production of Angiotensin II is lowered. Furthermore, studies on cardiac rat myocytes showed that carvedilol enhances the production of nitrite. It is therefore believed that it can increase the NO synthesis through some adrenoreceptor nonsymbiotic mechanism. However, the role of excessive amounts of NO in the diseased heart remains unclear 13-14. than with metoprolol (40%) as shown in figure 417. Figure 4.All-cause Mortality between Carvedilol and Metoprolol. Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JGF et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET) randomized controlled tn al.

Creating a Sustainable Environment Essay

The terms sustainable and Sustainability atomic number 18 recitationd to describe many different approaches toward improving our way of life. Sustainability is a way to ascend the environment without harming it, creating a system that keeps its self-feasible for futurity ask. Thus, sustainability considers taking the prospicient-term view of how our actions pretend future generations and reservation sure we do not deplete resources or cause pollution at judge faster than the earth is able to re sweet them. Hence, if sustainability is enforced and took in action it leave create a world where either cardinal shtup have fulfilling lives and enrapture a rich level of well-being within the limits of what disposition whoremaster provide. Nowadays, there atomic number 18 many lifestyle trends that atomic number 18 rapidly damaging the environment and which are not sustainable. The main three lifestyle trends I am focusing on are Childrens toys, delight focusing on motion- picture show and pubs/clubs and falseice work environment.These lifestyle trends have a potbelly of unsustainable factors that pile be changed and improved till year 2020. It is distinguished that from a young age children volition be taught the values of sustainability because they volition inherit the world that we create today. Therefore, the stuff given to them should not detriment the environment. Today there is the possibility to lease sure that childrens playthings are green and healthy. Finding sustainable and slight toxic toys for children is important since it can do well both for children and the environment. When buying toys it is important to tonicity for PVC-free toys (polyvinyl chloride). PVC releases toxins into the environment alone the way through its lifecycle from manufacturing to disposal. Many PVC toys excessively contain, chemical compounds that make the PVC plastic much flexible, which can lead to both cancer and hormonal disruption. Therefore, w hen choosing PVC-Free toys one pull up stakes not only be sustainable solely leave prevent children from hazardous toxins.A erupt and safer alternative is to choose toys made from wood since, they are more sustainable and more or less importantly will last generations longer than the cheap plastic stuff. Batteries have become second nature in nearly toys today. Not only this is harmful for the environment due to massive battery consumption but also easily children can chew batteries which are toxic. Hence, one can easily change these battery-powered toys by simpler toys which still are of an entertainment and pastime. Furthermore, these would be cheaper and sustainable. However, for the older children that have more sense and always liveliness for original and new toys which have the latest electronics, one should opt to look into rechargeable batteries to eliminate waste. sometimes the most rewarding toy might not be a toy at all it might be the act of planting a tree, play catch or hide and seek. get children outside provides them with abundant opportunities to run rough, have fun, get exercise, and learn about the urban and natural environments around them. Outdoors needs to get revived again and children should be given the opportunity to play and enjoy more outdoors activities.Another way of being sustainable is by buying Second- mess toys because it does not mean that when a toy has been apply once it would not be just as much fun the second time around. Thus, this will decrease the waist of toys which sometimes are hardly used or damaged, also these would be cheaper and one will be more sustainable. Additionally, for children sometimes is not whats in the box but it is the box Sometimes it is the stuff that one already has that can prove the most fun to imaginative children. Therefore before throwing the box from that new toy by, think of it as a potential arts and crafts project instead. These factors are really important and not such diffi cult to answer and understand. These simple adjustments are both beneficial for children and the environment itself. Moreover, the children will be grown up in well sustainable grounding and mentality. Entertainment consists of any activity which provides a diversion or permits large number to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment may also provide fun, enjoyment and laughter.However, it is still important to be aware of a more sustainable entertainment environment. Thus, the challenge is to create ripe enough entertainment that sustains an audience and it is sustainable. Looking at the cinema industry there are so many things that go to waste that can be easily used more than once. Starting from when one arrives at the cinema separately person that pays gets a ticket, why not making it a stamp on our hand to prove that we have paid consequently, this will eliminate the use of all those paper usage every day. Furthermore, when buying snacks a lot of packaging ma terial is used, normally it would consist of paper and plastic which are all thrown away after usage since, most of them are not good to be recycled due to plastered chemicals that are present. What a waste So lets entre a new cinema trend instead of a paper bucket or cups lets replace them with plastic bowl andcups, which remains in the cinema to be reused.Why Plastic? Plastic is more safe, to prevent broken glass on the floor and since throng themselves has to walk with them it will prevent certain accidents. This will be more sustainable due to less of waste and even less expenses since one will diminish the cost of buying so much packaging every year. Looking and the pubs/clubs sphere one has no idea how unsustainable they are. From my own experience I work in this industry and therefore know a lot of what goes on. From the bar itself the inwardness of plastic thrown away every iniquitytime is crazy. Why this? For safety purposes drinks are given in plastic cups to prevent having a lot of injuries during fights. However, these cups are not reused or recycled thus a plastic cup is only used for a suspender of minutes and then thrown away. Therefore, replacing them with solid plastic cups which can be washed during the night and reused again is a better option which is more sustainable, more environmentally friendly and cheaper on the long run.Moreover, a lot of empty plastic bottles of soft drinks and glass bottles of alcohol and beers are thrown away in the same bin without recycling them, which is a pity because one only needs ii separate bins to do so. Additionally a lot of paper made tickets are given when pay beforehand for parties. Yes, giving a ticket is the best way to prevent hassle and chaos when launching the club however, the size of the ticket sometimes is too much Since, sometimes one can very make three tickets from the size of the normal ticket that is normally given nowadays. If minimizing the size of the tickets one will decreas e the amount of paper usage every night. Moreover, a lot of fliers are used to trade other parties, fair enough marketing is important however, printing thousands of fliers and not even using one-half of them is a waist.Today, one can market their party through facebook, internet and even automatic sprightly messages, this will decrease the amount of fliers printed which is more sustainable. What about noise pollution? The effective at the clubs is preen at a very spicy volume that one cannot even talk to someone else because it will be impossible to understand one another. Noise pollution has an effect on our health, the extra sound can damage physiological and psychological health. Noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Then there are certain factors that can be adopted in both sectors, both in the cinema industry and the club/pubs environment.For illustration focusing on the bathrooms, automatic sensors can be fixed to switch on the light when entering and then switch off when no one is present. Even automatic water turn off devices can be installed to prevent water loss. Additionally, electric hand dryers with automatic turn-off system are good to prevent the use of disposable paper towels. Furthermore, it is good to use water pressure system to extradite water and energy by adding a water saving device for water taps in wash hands basins to decrease the consumption of water usage. These all are changes which can make a better sustainable environment.Increasing awareness on the work place about sustainable principles can encourage workers to implement sustainability principles into their own personal practices and beyond. There are also sustainable factors that can be adopted till 2020 in an office work environment. Such as using electronic weapons to send memos, or route memos to staff members earlier than making a paper copy for each perso n. One can use reused envelops for internal mail. Moreover, is better to do direct deposit instead of making a paycheque every time. Furthermore, it is essential to have a photo copier that makes double sided copies to minimize the amount of paper used every day. Also, cleaning shell be done within office hours rather than at other times which this would require lighting and air conditioning to remain on.It is also resilient to encourage employees to bring their own washable mugs to work rather to use disposable cups. Also having a thermos for beverages is a good practice to decrease the use of energy daily. Additionally, it is better to use reusable containers rather than cover launches in plastic or disposable paper bags. It is also good to use a reusable cloth then disposable tissue every time one needs to wipe his/her hands. This will result to a better sustainable environment and less expenses since, an object is used consequently rather used once and then thrown away.These m entioned above are all practices that can be adopted in the future which can make the world more sustainable. If from now people will change their mentality and get more informed how to become more sustainable in 2020 people will be able to live a healthier life, a life where less money is spent, a life which helps cast stronger relationship between them and their neighbours, and a life which helps protect, conserve or improve the natural environment.Children are the future, so teaching them sustainability is essential to the well-being of the planet. As a position Economics and Textile studies instructor it is important to teach students that everything on this earth is related and demonstrated by their behaviours and actions that affect the environment. By teaching students the vastness of sustainability, they will be empowered and be more positive(p) that even they are capable of making a difference. Moreover, in order to make students aware of the importance of sustainabili ty, as a teacher I have to make them aware of the consequences of their actions and decisions taken know and the affect it would have in the future on the environment.Furthermore, it is important to teach students how their daily decisions can affect their ecologic footprint so that they make more conscious decisions to boost the sustainability of their lifestyle. Home Economics gives the opportunity to the teacher to entre deeply in the topic (sustainability) therefore it gives us the opportunity to teach and show students the importance of sustainability and build more awareness and knowledge on the meaning and the term sustainability. Furthermore, as a teacher I can show students that being sustainable is not something that require a lot of work but only require some thought.Additionally, show students that we can be sustainable in everything that we do in our life, example trough textile studies I can encourage students to use recycled fabric and teach them how to custom-make simple things example repair a zip, make patches to holes, these will prevent from throwing clothes away when microscopic adjustments is required. Therefore it is essential that awareness and education will increase to enhance sustainability. Moreover, encouraging and stimulating good practice in the use and management of natural resources, in particular their minimal use and maximal reuse by recycling in an environmentally sustainable manner is a vital issue. Hence, instruction is an essential tool for achieving sustainability.